Lymphoma is a cancer in the lymphatic system that results when a lymphocyte B or T white blood cell of the immune system malfunctions and begins dividing or multiplying uncontrollably. Ultimately, a mass of these unregulated lymphocytes leads to tumor development within the immune system. Lymphomas are classified as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which is more common. Specifically, according to the Lymphoma Information Network, 19.5 out of every 100,000 in the world eventually will be diagnosed with NHL while only 2.8 of every 100,000 people in the world will be diagnosed with HL.
Mutation Process
Unknown triggers cause healthy lymphocyte cells to transform into lymphoma cells. DNA is the substance of genes in cells with an instruction template for cell function: Genes programmed to increase cell division are oncogenes, and genes that decrease division or initiate cell death are suppressor genes. An alteration or mutation of the DNA goes awry with oncogene function spirals out of control without regulation; thus, the normally timed instructions for cells to grow, divide (multiply) and die do not occur. The cellular consequence is cancer.
Causes Hodgkin's
Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs more frequently in males than females, and generally manifests between the ages of 15 to 34 years and again in those older than 55 years. Individuals with a family history of HL have a higher probability of developing the disease. Also, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with an increased risk of HL.
Causes Non-Hodgkin's
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is associated mostly with aging; most individuals with NHL are over the age of 60 years. Infections such as HTLV-1, EBV and hepatitis B and C are associated with an increased risk for NHL. Also, individuals with an inherited immunodeficiency disease, HIV or autoimmune disorders (like rheumatoid arthritis) are associated with greater risk. Immuno-suppressive drug therapy post-organ transplant surgery, as well, increases the chance of NHL. Lastly, environmental exposure to pesticides and herbicides, as well as black hair dye, is linked to higher rates of NHL. Fortunately, survival rate continues to increase.
