Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a common behavioral condition in children, affecting between 3 percent and 5 percent in the United States, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. It is the most common behavior disorder in children in school. Researchers have not determined a cause, but many believe it is genetic. Traumatic brain injury may be a factor in a small percentage of cases, reports the National Institute of Mental Health.
Age of Onset
Because attention deficit hyperactivity disorder affects a child's ability to function in school, many kids are not diagnosed with ADHD until they reach school age. However, most kids with ADHD first show symptoms between the ages of 3 and 6, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. But these children can be harder to diagnose because of how a child's attention span naturally develops. Most cases are diagnosed in children between 6 and 12 years old, the University of Michigan Health System reports.
Symptoms
Three known subtypes of ADHD exist: predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, predominantly inattentive and combined type, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Symptoms typically depend on which type your child has. Children with predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ADHD often have a hard time sitting still or are fidgety and have impulsive behaviors, such as interrupting others or having a hard time taking turns. Kids with predominantly inattentive ADHD may seem like they are frequently daydreaming or are easily distracted and have difficulty finishing tasks, following instructions and paying attention to details. Kids with combined type ADHD shows signs and symptoms of both subtypes.
Diagnosis
To be diagnosed with ADHD, a child must exhibit symptoms to a greater extent than other children his own age for a period of at least six months, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. No test can be performed to determine if a child has ADHD. Instead, diagnosis is based on an evaluation of your child's behaviors and symptoms, with information gathered from parents, teachers and caregivers. A mental health professional may also order tests such as vision and hearing screenings to rule out other causes of inattention and learning difficulty.
Treatment
ADHD is often treated medically with prescription drugs classified as stimulants. These drugs have a calming effect on kids with ADHD and can make it easier for them to function and succeed in school and home settings, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. Several types of stimulants are available. You will have to work with a pediatrician to determine which will work best for your child. In addition to medications, behavior therapy can help change your child's behaviors and help her learn how to adapt in various setting and situations.
Prognosis
No cure exists for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In fact, children do not typically outgrow the condition, the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke reports. However, as children age they learn to adapt more easily to situations and can more easily control the condition. Many children who suffer with ADHD do not require drug treatment into adulthood, although some do find that it helps.
References
- National Institute of Mental Health: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- University of Michigan Health System: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
