Supplements that claim to build new muscle mass are categorized as ergogenic aids. Ergogenic aids are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration and many have not been scientifically proven to be safe or effective. According to the Gatorade Sports Science Institute (GSSI), muscle-building supplements may not be any more advantageous than efficient training and good nutrition. Ergogenic aids can have serious side effects. Many are also illegal and have been banned by sports organizations.
Steroids
According to the Mayo Clinic, the most common form of steroids work like the hormone testosterone to promote muscle building. They may also help athletes recover more quickly after a workout and reduce muscle damage.
The Mayo Clinic warns that steroids can have serious side effects. Steroids can cause breast development, shrunken testicles and infertility in men. Women who take steroids may grow more body hair and develop a deeper voice or an enlarged clitoris. Other side effects of steroids include baldness, acne, liver abnormalities and tumors, increased cholesterol, aggression or rage, psychiatric disorders and drug dependence. The Mayo Clinic says that most steroids are sold on the black market and have been smuggled into the United States or manufactured in clandestine laboratories. Athletes should be aware that while steroids are available, they are illegal and have been banned by most sports organizations.
Creatine
Creatine is a natural body compound that releases energy from muscles. According to the McKinley Health Center (MHC), at the University of Illinois, creatine is promoted to increase lean muscle mass, energy, endurance and strength. The Mayo Clinic says creatine may increase short-term energy and delay muscle fatigue; however, weight gain from creatine is probably due to water retention rather than increased muscle, because creatine causes muscles to draw in water.
Side effects of creatine include stomach and muscle cramps, nausea, diarrhea, dehydration, unwanted weight gain and liver and kidney damage. Dietary sources of creatine include red meat. The Mayo Clinic notes that the liver produces creatine for the muscles to store. Excess creatine is removed by the kidneys and excreted in the urine, which means that creatine supplements may not benefit someone with adequate creatine stores.
Protein
Protein, particularly whey protein supplements, is promoted for muscle growth. According to the GSSI, there is no evidence that protein supplements can increase muscle mass any more than an optimal diet can. The GSSI says the maximum daily protein intake recommended for athletes is 1.2 to 1.7 grams per kilogram (g/kg) of body weight, which can easily be met through diet alone. More than 3 g/kg of protein may damage the kidneys and lead to dehydration. Healthy sources of protein include poultry, fish, seafood, lean meat, beans, nuts, eggs, low-fat dairy products and soy.
Human Growth Hormone
Human growth hormone (HGH) is a natural hormone produced by the body. According to the Mayo Clinic, HGH can increase muscle mass and decrease fat. HGH injections are approved to treat HGH deficiencies and muscle-wasting associated with HIV/AIDS, but should not be used by healthy individuals or athletes. The MHC notes that HGH is banned by the world anti-doping agency. Side effects of HGH include swelling in the extremities, joint and muscle pain, enlarged breasts in men and an increased risk of diabetes and heart disease.
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