Dry skin is a common problem that usually isn't serious. It can be uncomfortable and unattractive, causing many sufferers to reach for lotions that add moisture and help keep skin smooth and soft. In some cases, dry skin can lead to a true medical problem, making lotions as a treatment necessary.
Identification
If you have dry skin, it probably feels tight, especially after you shower or go swimming. Your skin may even look shrunken, rough and red. In severe cases, skin may crack. Dermatologists sometimes refer to dry skin as xerosis or asteatosis.
Causes
Dry skin is caused by a lack of water in the outermost layer, the stratum corneum. This happens when the protective oils in the skin are lost. Skin dryness usually develops in low-humidity environments, during the winter or in arid climates, for example. But other factors can play a role. Among them are central heat and air, hot baths and showers, harsh soaps and detergents, too much sun exposure, thyroid disorders or psoriasis, a skin condition marked by a buildup of dry, dead skin cells that form scales.
Significance
If dry skin isn't treated, it can lead to or worsen eczema, a condition that causes redness, cracking and inflammation. It can also lead to inflammation of hair follicles and cellulitis, a potentially serious bacterial infection in the skin that can enter the blood vessels and lymph nodes. If you repeatedly rub and scratch, you can develop thickened, rough patches called lichenification.
Types
There are two broad types of moisturizers: facial and body. Facial products are designed to minimize the risk of allergic reactions and acne flare-ups. Body lotions are divided into four classes: ointments, oils, creams and lotions. Ointments and oils trap moisture in the skin and are most effective, but are also often greasy. Cream moisturizers are typically white and disappear when rubbed into the skin without leaving a greasy feel. Lotion moisturizers are suspensions of oily chemicals in alcohol and water. Because they contain alcohol, they can be drying when used frequently.
Considerations
Some moisturizers contain chemicals that can cause irritation, so if one type or brand gives you trouble, try one with a different set of ingredients. Use a moisturizer three or more times daily. Always use a moisturizer after a bath or shower. At the same time use as little as possible at each application. Dr. Peter Helton, director of the Helton Skin and Laser Institute in Newport Beach, Calif., says that constant use of lotion tricks the body into thinking it has enough moisture. The body then produces less moisture.
Warning
Severe dry skin can also be a feature of a genetic diseases such as atopic dermatitis or ichthyosis. It can also be a symptom of a hormone imbalance, such as an underactive thyroid. For these reasons, you should see your doctor if your skin is red, scaling or peeling; if you have open sores or infections; or if dryness and itching interfere with your sleep.
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