A narrowing of the arteries caused by atherosclerosis (fat deposits in the arteries) can cause a person to suffer from peripheral arterial disease (PAD). PAD is a condition in which the arms and legs do not receive adequate blood flow, and can cause pain and cramping in the limbs, especially the calves, hips or thighs. Screening methods for PAD include not only a physical exam, but blood testing and diagnostic tests that allow health care providers to see the shape and size of the arteries that may be affected.
Ankle-Brachial Index
Blood pressure readings are most often taken in the arm, but can also be read in a person's ankle. When peripheral artery disease becomes a problem, the American Heart Association explains, the two blood pressure readings taken at these areas of the body will not match up. The reading taken at the leg will be much lower than that of the arm. A common screening method for PAD is a test called the ankle-brachial index, or ABI. The ABI simply compares the two blood pressure readings to determine if the arteries have become narrow. Some people may be asked to exercise on a treadmill to see the extent of the damage.
Non-Invasive Imaging Tests
Several different non-invasive imaging tests may be performed to screen for PAD, including a Doppler ultrasound, an MRI or a CT scan. These tests show the narrowing of the arteries in your legs, stomach and pelvic region. If there is a blockage, such as a blood clot, diagnostic testing of this kind can help doctors identify the exact location of the obstruction. While the main cause of peripheral artery disease is atherosclerosis, blood clots may also lead to the condition.
Angiography
Screening for PAD includes a dye contrast test called an angiography. During this procedure, a contrast agent is injected into the body, and allows doctors to watch the blood flow through the veins and arteries in real time. Some types of angiography can also be used as a treatment for PAD, with the injection of medications into the area that has narrowed or has become blocked.
Blood Screening
Blood samples can help diagnose PAD. Checking levels of blood cholesterol and certain proteins that are present may determine that peripheral arterial disease has begun or is imminent.
