The kidneys are a pair of vital organs located near the middle of the back, just below the rib cage. They primarily filter waste from the blood and maintain salt and water balances in the body. Medullary cystic kidney disease is a type of kidney disease in which fluid-filled sacs develop in the kidneys, impairing their function.
Causes
Medullary cystic kidney disease is an inherited disease in which cysts and scarring occur in the inner portion of the kidneys known as the medulla. As scar tissue forms, the kidneys shrink and their ability to properly filter the blood decreases. As a result, a change in urine concentration occurs and urine production increases. This results in the loss of important chemicals, such as sodium, from the body, leading to the many symptoms and complications of MCKD, according to MedlinePlus, a publication of the National Institutes of Health.
Symptoms
In the early stages of MCKD, the most noticeable symptom is an increase in urine production along with decreased blood pressure, salt cravings, and overall weakness. In later stages of the disease, as kidney function decreases, many symptoms may be experienced. These include, but are not limited to, confusion and delirium, fatigue, nausea, and abnormal skin coloring.
Complications
Individuals with medullary cystic kidney disease suffer many complications as the kidneys slowly lose their ability to function properly. Anemia and decreased bone strength as well as heart problems and nutrient imbalances are just a few of the complications that arise. Most individuals reach end stage kidney disease between the ages of 30 and 50, according to MedlinePlus.
Diagnosis
Many different lab tests are used to evaluate levels of certain chemicals in the blood and urine to diagnose medullary cystic kidney disease. These include a 24-hour urine volume test, a complete blood count , and a BUN test, which measures the levels of nitrogen in the blood. Creatinine blood and clearance levels are also measured along with electrolyte and uric acid levels. An abdominal ultrasound or CT scan and renal biopsy may also be used to confirm a diagnosis of MCKD, according to MedlinePlus.
Treatment
There is no cure for MCKD and treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms and slowing the progression of the disease. A doctor may prescribe several different medications as well as recommend water intake increases and salt supplements. As kidney function declines certain dietary measure may need to be taken, such as limiting phosphorous and potassium containing foods. Eventually, when the kidneys are unable to meet the needs of the body, a kidney transplant or dialysis treatments are needed. Kidney dialysis is a procedure in which the blood is mechanically filtered by a hemodialysis machine.
