Beta blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are the types of drugs used to treat high blood pressure. While they can reduce blood pressure levels and prevent strokes and heart attacks, these drugs have side effects that can range from mild to life-threatening. The side effects of high blood pressure medicine should be reported to a physician if they are persistent or severe.
Cardiovascular System
Blood pressure medicine side effects that impact the cardiovascular system include rapid heart rate, slow heart rate and irregular heartbeat. These effects may make a dosage adjustment or a change to a different type of medication necessary.
Genitourinary System
Diuretics increase the amounts of sodium and water excreted in the urine. As a result, these drugs can cause increased urination and urinary urgency. Beta blockers can lead to decreased sexual desire and impotence in men because of reduced blood flow to the genitals. Diuretics can also be responsible for impotence.
Gastrointestinal System
Some of the drugs used to treat high blood pressure can cause gastrointestinal side effects. Calcium channel blockers can cause constipation and an upset stomach. Angiotensin II receptor blockers can lead to upset stomach, diarrhea and heartburn. Digestive system side effects associated with ACE inhibitors include vomiting, difficulty swallowing, upset stomach, diarrhea and loss of taste. These side effects may be prevented or reduced by taking these medications with food whenever possible.
Respiratory System
High blood pressure medicine can affect the respiratory system and change a person's ability to breathe. Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers can cause shortness of breath. Difficulty breathing can be caused by ACE inhibitors. High blood pressure medicines can also cause coughing, wheezing and sore throat.
Nervous System
Nervous system side effects can affect a person's coordination, mental state and perceptions of sensation. Calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors are known to cause numbness and tingling in the hands and feet. Beta blockers can lead to depression and angiotensin II receptor blockers can cause dizziness.
General Effects
High blood pressure medicine can cause general side effects that affect the whole body. General effects caused by these medications include fatigue, weakness, fever, chills, unusual bruising, difficulty sleeping, swelling, feeling lightheaded and fainting. People who just started taking a blood pressure medication should not drive until they know how the drug will affect their ability to drive or use mechanical equipment.
