According to the American Diabetes Association, people with diabetes are prone to developing various foot problems. The most common causes are from reduced circulation, changes in the shape of the feet and toes and/or nerve damage, also known as neuropathy.
A study published in "Diabetes Care" in 2010 discovered that in individuals over the age of 45, diabetics were eight times more likely to have a lower-limb amputation than a nondiabetic. Additionally, 1-in-4 amputees may require an additional amputation on the opposite side of the body and/or re-amputation.
Reduced Circulation
Continuously uncontrolled high blood sugar levels can cause major damage to the vascular system. Blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the legs, arms, stomach and kidneys begin to narrow and ultimately decrease circulation. Diminished circulation reduces the ability to heal wounds and fight off infection.
Neuropathy
Diabetics can be subject to several types of neuropathies. Peripheral neuropathy is the most common form, characterized by pain or loss of feeling in the toes, feet, legs and hands. With reduced sensation, cuts, burns, sores and other wounds can go undetected and lead to infection and gangrene.
The National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease says neuropathy is likely caused by a number of factors, including long-term uncontrolled diabetes, abnormal fat levels, autoimmune factors, neurovascular aspects, mechanical injury to nerves and lifestyle.
Signs of Foot Problems
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, tingling, burning or pain in the feet may be warning signs of foot problems. Other indications include dry cracked skin, hair loss on the lower legs and toes, yellowed and thickened toenails, and changes in the shape, color and temperature of the feet.
Foot Care
The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons recommends taking the following steps to reduce complications: Inspect feet daily for skin or nail problems, don't ignore leg pain, keep toe nails trimmed, do not try and remove corns or calluses without the help of a trained medical professional, keep floors free of sharp objects, don't walk around barefoot anywhere, check shoes and socks before putting them on and have your circulation and sense of feeling tested.
Prevention
People with diabetes can lower their risks for amputation by controlling blood glucose levels. This can be achieved by following a healthy diet and exercise program, losing excess weight, not smoking and taking prescribed medications. Regular foot care and visits to the doctor and dietitian are also important in maintaining a healthy body.
References
- American Diabetes Association: Foot Complications
- "Diabetes Care"; "Incidence of Lower-Limb Amputation in the Diabetic and Nondiabetic General Population"; A. Johannesson et al
- National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse: Diabetic Neuropathies
- CDC: Foot Problems
- American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons: Diabetic Complications and Amputation Prevention
