Numerous anti-inflammatory drugs are available by prescription or for purchase over-the-counter. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDS, inhibit an enzyme called cyclooxygenase, thus impairing production of prostaglandins. Blocking this pathway leads to reduced pain and swelling in the body. However, it also may produce side effects in the stomach or kidneys. Steroid anti-inflammatory drugs have a more broad effect on the inflammatory pathway, thus producing greater effects.
Aspirin
Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, has a long history and was originally derived from willow bark, according to "Family Practice Notebook." This anti-inflammatory drug is often used for its ability to inhibit platelets and decrease blood clots. This action is beneficial in preventing heart attacks and strokes. Aspirin also has a fever reducing action, in addition to its effects on reducing pain and swelling. Advantages of this drug include cost, availability and effectiveness. Aspirin should not be taken by children due to the risk of Reye's syndrome, a liver complication seen in kids with a viral illness. It also has the capability of causing stomach or intestinal ulcers and impairing kidney function. Acute toxicity may cause dizziness, hearing loss and ringing in the ears.
Ibuprofen
Ibuprofen is another common anti-inflammatory drug also known as the brands Motrin or Advil. It is available over-the-counter, but higher doses require a prescription. Its length of action is longer than aspirin, so it is dosed less often, an advantage in treating fever or pain. It may be used in children over 6 months of age. UpToDate.com discusses the increased problems of ibuprofen, and other NSAIDS, in those at risk for heart disease. They should be avoided, if possible, by those with known coronary artery disease. Other risks to the stomach lining, kidneys and blood clotting system are similar to aspirin and other NSAIDS.
Ketorolac
This medicine, which goes by the brand name Toradol, is quite potent in its effects on pain, but carries a higher risk of bleeding ulcers and other NSAID side effects. It is recommended to take this anti-inflammatory drug for no more than five consecutive days. However, it is quite useful in the treatment of severe pain, as it is as effective as morphine and can be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection, notes "Family Practice Notebook." An oral form is also available.
Celecoxib
The anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib also goes by the name Celebrex. It is more selective in its inhibition of cyclooxygenase and is known as a COX-2 inhibitor. This means that it carries less risk of gastrointestinal side effects than some of the other NSAIDS. However, it is expensive and available by prescription only. It also does not affect platelets or blood clotting. Rofecoxib, or Vioxx, and valdecoxib, or Bextra, are two other COX-2 inhibitors that have been removed from the market due to increased cardiovascular disease risk. Celecoxib may have similar problems and should be used with caution.
Prednisone
Prednisone, and other steroids like cortisone and hydrocortisone, are similar to naturally occurring hormones. They are used to treat conditions like arthritis, dermatitis and asthma, as they blunt the inflammatory response that characterizes these diseases. They also impair the immune system and increase the risk of infection, notes Drugs.com. Other side effects include fluid retention, mood changes and bone thinning.
