Researchers at Merck report that the cardiovascular aging process differs in senior citizens, ranging from atrophy to enlarged atriums on the heart and thickening of the ventricular walls. Not all heart deterioration is part of the natural aging process; most heart disease is a result of poor lifestyle choices and other linked conditions.
Arteries
One of the natural phases the cardiovascular system goes through in the aging process is thickening of the artery walls. In time, the walls of the aorta and other large arteries become thick and elongated. The elastic membranes in the arteries become fragmented due to cellular accumulation, which puts elderly people at risk for developing arteriosclerosis. Cholesterol deposits and changes in collagen also contribute to reduced elasticity of the artery walls.
Heart
The heart experiences age-related changes as well. Cardiac output is reduced as the fibrous tissues of the heart lose their elasticity. Fatty buildup and plaque slow circulation. At the same time, damaged heart muscles that have broken down over the years develop scar tissue on the heart, making it even less efficient.
Blood Flow
Researchers at Utah State University report that natural aging results in reduced blood flow throughout the body and is particularly evident after age 80. The heart muscles that pump oxygenated blood throughout the body atrophy, and the heart valves begin to calcify. Physical strength weakens with the reduced blood flow because less oxygen is being exchanged and there is reduced cellular nourishment. Kidney and liver function are reduced as well, resulting in a slower rate of healing and lower stress responses.
Blood Volume
A decrease in the blood volume of red blood cells is common during the aging process, report trainers at the American Academy of Health and Fitness. Blood clots often block or constrict peripheral veins as well. Blood often pools in the legs when the volume of blood is diminished and the valves aren't working properly. Gravity pulls the decreased blood levels to the lowest areas, resulting in a breakdown of the cardiovascular system.
Aerobic Capacity
Aerobic capacity between ages 20 and 80 decreases by an average of 50 percent, reports researchers at the American Academy of Health and Fitness. Although levels of peak capacity and ability are compromised with age, the level of deterioration varies depending on people's overall health and long-term exercise habits. Vascular stiffening is directly related to the physical conditioning of the elderly person and decreases by half in those who have maintained an active lifestyle versus sedentary seniors.
