Humans require vitamin B12 for proper metabolism and also to make red blood cells and maintain the nervous system. Your supply of the vitamin likely comes from the foods you eat, although supplements are also available. Unlike other water-soluble vitamins, your body can store excess vitamin B12, which contributes to the rare occurrence of deficiencies, according to MedlinePlus, a publication of the National Institutes of Health. When a vitamin B12 deficiency develops, it causes a type of anemia called pernicious anemia, or megaloblastic anemia, in which the body does not produce an adequate supply of red blood cells.
Fatigue
When pernicious anemia develops as the result of a vitamin B12 deficiency, people often develop weakness and fatigue, according to MedlinePlus. Some people may also suffer dizzy spells or feel lightheaded when exercising or exerting themselves. However, fatigue and weakness are common signs of the various forms of anemia and do not necessarily indicate a B12 deficiency.
Changes in Bowel Habits
Pernicious anemia can also cause noticeable changes in bowel habits. Both diarrhea and constipation can develop as a result of a vitamin B12 deficiency, MedlinePlus reports.
Numbness and Tingling
When you are deficient in vitamin B12, you may also begin to notice strange sensations such as numbness and tingling, according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. In most cases, the tingling and numbness are most prominent in the hands and feet.
Loss of Appetite
Another possible sign of a vitamin B12 deficiency can cause a noticeable loss of appetite or decrease in appetite, according to the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. This change in appetite can also cause weight loss.
Behavior Changes
Because a vitamin B12 deficiency causes damage to the nervous system, behavior changes may become evident. Some people experience depression or seem irritable. In severe cases, it can cause dementia and mental confusion, according to MedlinePlus.
Balance Problems
The anemia that develops as a result of a vitamin B12 deficiency also can cause problems with balance, the Office of Dietary Supplements reports. Similar to other symptoms, this develops because of nervous system impairment.
Swollen Gums
Your gums can also become swollen and inflamed as the result of a vitamin B12 deficiency, according to MedlinePlus. Other gum symptoms include redness and bleeding.
Failure to Thrive
Infants suffering from a vitamin B12 deficiency may suffer from failure to thrive, a condition characterized by poor growth and development. Babies with insufficient B12 levels may also have developmental delays and movement disorders, according to the Office of Dietary Supplements.
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