Red clover, also known as Trifolium pretense, has been widely marketed as a remedy for menopausal symptoms. But clinical trials do not give clear evidence that red clover is effective for this. In addition, side effects from drug interactions are possible with this supplement.
Chemical Constituents
Red clover contains isoflavones, which have estrogenic activity. These isoflavones include diadzein, biocharin, genistein and formononetin. Other components include coumarins, saponins, salicylic acid, minerals, carbohydrates, and other flavonoids and fats.
Purported Uses
Red clover has been used for treatment of menopausal symptoms. It has been used to relieve chest congestion and muscle spasms, and to treat eczema, mastitis, bone loss, whooping cough and psoriasis. It has also been thought to prevent heart disease.
The Research
A study by Tice, et al, published in the July 9, 2003 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, showed that while the isoflavones in red clover appeared to have some estrogenic effect early in the study, rates of symptom improvement at the end of 12 weeks were the same for control, placebo and supplemented groups of women. The research to date does not conclusively support its use for menopausal symptoms.
A small clinical study was performed on red clover's effect on the elasticity of blood vessels in menopausal women. More studies are needed to confirm the herb's use for this. Some clinical trials have been done to check the effect of red clover on risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or triglyceride levels. There is no strong evidence that it helps in these areas.
Side Effects
Headaches, rash and nausea have been noted with red clover extract use. Allergic reactions are also possible. Rashes, swelling,redness and hives may be noted with allergies to red clover. Severe allergy may manifest with difficulty breathing, tightness or pain in the chest, and swelling of the mouth, lips, and throat may occur. In such cases, seek medical help immediately.
Precautions
People with breast and prostate cancer should not use red clover extract. The estrogenic content of the supplement may encourage the growth of breast cancer cells. It also lessens the effectiveness or radiation in prostate cancer. Do not use red clover if you take anti-coagulants, due to a risk of increased bleeding. People taking estrogens or tamoxifen should not use red clover extract.
Red clover may interfere with the metabolism of drugs using the P-450 3A4 metabolic pathway in the liver. Check with your physician to ensure that red clover is safe to take with other medications.
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