When air is inhaled through the nose, it travels into two large airways in the lungs called bronchi. Smaller airways, called bronchioles, branch out from the bronchi and carry oxygen to air sacs in the lungs called alveoli, which aid in proper breathing. Cells in the lining of the airways also produce mucus, which keeps the inside of the lungs moist. Any condition that disrupts any part of this process can lead to chronic cough, congestion and shortness of breath.
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic lung disease in which the airways swell and narrow as well as produce excess mucus. The combination of a decreased diameter and extra mucus leads to breathing difficulties that include chronic cough, shortness of breath, congestion and wheezing. Those with asthma also experience chest tightness and trouble sleeping because of coughing and shortness of breath, according to MayoClinic.com. The cause of asthma is unknown, but a number of common triggers, such as allergies, increased physical activity, cold temperatures and increased stress, have been identified. There is no cure for asthma, but treatments are available to help manage symptoms. Quick-relief inhalers consist of bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory medications that reduce swelling and open airways during an asthma attack. Long-term medications are also taken daily to prevent airways from swelling.
Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation and irritation of the bronchial tubes in the lungs. When the airways are consistently irritated, they begin to develop an excess amount of mucus that is also abnormally thick. The thick mucus blocks the passage of air through the bronchial tubes, which makes breathing difficult. Symptoms of bronchitis include a chronic mucus-filled cough, shortness of breath, congestion and a tight feeling in the chest. The main cause of chronic bronchitis is smoking, but other possible causes include long-time exposure to certain chemicals, dust and other irritants, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians. Chronic bronchitis is usually treated with bronchodilators, which open up the diameter of the airways. Cessation of smoking and increased exercise also help improve the condition.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the most common lung diseases and in most cases involves a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, according to MedlinePlus. Smoking is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but exposure to secondhand smoke, frequent use of cooking gas and exposure to chemical irritants may also cause the disease. Symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include a chronic mucus-filled cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, congestion, fatigue and frequent respiratory infections, such as pneumonia. The most important treatment step for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the cessation of smoking. Bronchodilators and inhaled steroids are also useful in decreasing breathing difficulties. MedlinePlus notes that at-home oxygen therapy may also be needed if blood oxygen level is low.
