An allergen is defined by MedlinePlus as a substance that causes someone's immune system to react to the substance as if it was harmful. The most common allergens are foods, airborne substances and insect bites. The allergen is not harmful to most people, but can cause flu-like symptoms or rashes in people who are allergic to them. Some allergic reactions can lead to a life-threatening condition called anaphylaxis. Talk to an allergist for the most effective treatment options.
Cause
An allergic reaction is caused by the immune system's hypersensitivity to an allergen, according to MayoClinic.com. When an allergen enters the body, the immune system attacks the substance with IgE antibodies. The IgE antibodies trigger mast cells to produce histamine, which leads to most allergy symptoms, such as sneezing, hives or asthmatic reactions.
Effect
The Merck Manuals states that the release of histamine produces irritation and inflammation in various parts of the body. Allergic rhinitis, or nasal allergies, is a common effect of histamine with common symptoms, such as nasal congestion, sinus headaches and eye irritation. Histamine can also cause the bronchial tubes to become inflamed, leading to asthmatic symptoms, such as shortness of breathe and difficulty breathing. In rare cases, the entire body can react, causing the body to go into shock.
Lifestyle Treatment
Treating allergens begins with changing and maintaining a defensive lifestyle, according to MayoClinic.com. Once allergens are identified, they should be avoided. For example, if someone knows she has an allergy to dairy products, she shouldn't ingest anything containing dairy. Stay indoors, keep a clean house and run an air purifier in the home to prevent airborne allergens.
Medical Treatment
The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America states that using over-the-counter medications is an effective way to treat allergies. Antihistamines are used keep histamine levels low enough that allergy symptoms are alleviated. Decongestants are commonly used to reduce inflammation in the sinuses, restoring the ability to breathe and drain mucus properly. Oral or nasal spray corticosteroids are prescribed for people who suffer from chronic allergic conditions.
Immunology
Immunology, or desensitization, is used to treat allergens that cannot be avoided, such as airborne allergens, according to the Merck Manuals. Desensitization uses shots or injections of the allergen to desensitize the immune system to the substance. The shots begin in small doses and slowly increase over a few years until the immune system stops reacting to the allergen.
