Parkinson's is a chronic neurobiological degenerative disease in which brain cells responsible for movement begin to deteriorate. As a result, the production of dopamine, the neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) released by these cells that sends messages regarding movement, is reduced. The National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) indicates that 500,000 Americans, if not more, suffer with this disease; also, annually, nearly 50,000 new cases are diagnosed, mostly in men, and the average age of diagnosis is around 60 years. Thus, Parkinson's specifically is a movement disorder that is progressive or worsens over time for which presently no cure exists.
Primary Motor Movement Symptoms
According to the Parkinson's Disease Foundation (PDF), around 70 percent of Parkinson's patients experience tremors in certain areas of the body such as the extremities, on one side of the body or in the face. Furthermore, because this symptom typically occurs in relaxed muscles, it is referred to as a "resting" tremor, which usually stops with the onset of activity. Another outstanding primary symptom is bradykinesia, that is, slow movements as well as interrupted movements. Rigidity of muscles is another symptom that can cause reduced range of motion or, if in the face, limited expressions. Postural instability refers to the fact that Parkinson's produces the appearance of lacking coordination and balance, especially when in a postural or standing position.
Secondary Motor Symptoms
A large number of secondary symptoms exist; however, not all patients experience all of the symptoms. Dystonia, involuntarily movements in which muscle contractions result in repeated twisting or jerky motions akin to a spasm, are common. So too is an inability to remain stationary when sitting or lying down; such motor restlessness is known as akathisia. Examples of other common secondary motor symptoms may include: impaired fine and gross motor skills, problems in speaking and swallowing with drooling.
Non-Motor Symptoms
These additional symptoms may include depression, anxiety or fear responses, confusion and/or dementia with fatigue, disturbances in memory and sleep, and also, the possibility of compulsive behaviors.
