Metformin is a drug used to lower blood sugar in people who have diabetes. Metformin works by improving the body's response to insulin and reducing the amount of sugar that is produced by the liver. Because metformin can cause several side effects, it is important to weigh these side effects against the benefits of treatment before beginning this medication.
Low Blood Sugar
Because metformin is used to lower blood sugar, it can cause low blood sugar. Signs and symptoms of low blood sugar include drowsiness, sweating, fast heartbeat, headache, hunger, seizure, confusion, fainting and irritability. Keep orange juice, milk, glucose gel or candy available, in case your blood sugar drops too low.
Minor Side Effects
While some side effects of metformin may be bothersome, they are not considered serious and do not warrant medical attention unless they are persistent. Minor side effects include weakness, mild nausea, vomiting, gas, abdominal pain, diarrhea, muscle pain and headache. If these side effects are bothersome, consult a doctor to determine if a lower dose is needed.
Serious Side Effects
Metformin can cause serious side effects that require emergency medical attention. Lactic acidosis is one of these side effects. This condition causes lactic acid to build up in the blood faster than the body can remove it. It occurs when the body's oxygen levels decline. Symptoms of lactic acidosis include sleepiness, cold feeling, shortness of breath, weakness, slow heart rate, lightheadedness, stomach pain and fainting. Other serious side effects of metformin include rapid weight gain or swelling, shortness of breath, flu symptoms, body aches, chills and fever.
Allergic Reaction
Metformin can cause an reaction in anyone who is allergic to its ingredients. Signs of an allergic reaction include difficulty breathing, hives, itching, rash and swelling of the throat, lips, tongue and face. If any of these occur, seek emergency medical treatment.
Drug Interactions
Metformin can interact with other drugs and cause side effects that range from mild to severe. High blood sugar may occur if metformin is taken with diuretics, phenothiazines, birth control pills, diet pills, asthma medications, isoniazid, steroids, thyroid medications, cold and allergy medicines and anti-convulsants. Low blood sugar can occur if metformin is taken with sulfa drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, beta-blockers, MAO inhibitors or probenecid. Serious interactions can occur if metformin is taken with nifedipine, furosemide, amiloride, morphine, vancomycin, trimethoprim, procainamide, digoxin and quinidine.
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