The scalp is the skin covering on the top of the head, from which the hair protrudes. Problems with the scalp usually result in intense itching that may cause sensitive skin to flake off into the hair. Most of these problems are contagious and can be spread easily from human-to-human contact.
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis, commonly referred to as dandruff in adults and cradle cap in infants, is a common scalp condition characterized by scaly, flaky and greasy skin, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians. Although it most often occurs on the scalp, seborrheic dermatitis may also affect the face, chest, arms, legs and groin. The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis is unknown, but it is believed to develop as a result of hormonal changes or a fungal infection. Seborrheic dermatitis is usually treated with a medicated shampoo that contains salicylic acid, selenium sulfide or zinc pyrithione. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, the shampoos should be used daily until seborrheic dermatitis is controlled and then two to three times per week after. If the shampoo is ineffective, a doctor may prescribe a steroid cream to be applied to the area.
Head Lice
Head lice are tiny insects that only live in the hair and most commonly infest the scalp, although the eyebrows and eyelashes may be affected as well. Head lice are spread through close contact with infected individuals. MedlinePlus notes that head lice can survive on the scalp for approximately 30 days and their eggs live for about two weeks. The most common symptom of head lice is extreme itching of the scalp. Other symptoms include red bumps on the scalp, neck and shoulders and white specks that firmly attach to the bottom portion of the hair strand. Although head lice can cause major discomfort, they do not cause any complications or serious diseases. Over-the-counter medicated lotions and shampoos are used to killed the lice and get rid of the infestation. After the shampoo has been used, MedlinePlus notes that it is important to comb the hair with a special comb that removes the eggs from the scalp.
Tinea Capitis
Tinea capitis, also called ringworm of the scalp, is a fungal infection of the scalp caused by a group of fungi called dermatophytes. When these dermatophytes attack the scalp and spread into the hair shaft, which causes it to break and form numerous bald spots on the head, according to MayoClinic.com. Tinea capitis is a contagious infection and can be spread from direct contact with an infected individual, touching something that is infected or direct contact with an infected animal. In addition to bald spots, other symptoms of tinea capitis include scaly and reddened areas of the scalp, brittle hair and tender points on the scalp, according to MayoClinic.com. If left untreated, tinea capitis can spread over the entire area of the scalp. Treatment consists of a series of oral anti-fungal medications.
