The adrenal glands are located on top of both kidneys and serve a vital function for several processes in the body. The American Urological Association Foundation explains that when the adrenal glands are functioning improperly, the cause typically stems from damage to other parts of the body that have a direct impact on adrenal function. Internal problems of the adrenal glands that occur stem from diseases or infections around the gland. The results of adrenal damage range from mild to severe impairment.
Low Hormone Production
Adrenal insufficiency, or Addison's disease, is damage to the adrenal glands resulting in excessively low production of the hormones cortisol and aldosterone. According to the National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service, adrenal insufficiency is either primary or secondary, with similar symptom presentation. Low cortisol and aldosterone impact blood pressure, immune system response and the role of the kidneys in regulating fluids. Adrenal insufficiency symptoms begin gradually with increased fatigue, muscle weakness and weight loss. Nausea with vomiting, diarrhea and mood instability commonly occur from this form of adrenal damage. Adrenal crisis causing sudden symptoms include sharp lower-back pain, low blood pressure and loss of consciousness. Hormone replacement is often required to improve symptoms.
Excessive Hormone Production
The hormone aldosterone is responsible for balancing sodium and potassium in the blood. MayoClinic.com explains that medical conditions such as cancerous growths in or near the adrenal gland can cause overactive aldosterone hormone production in the adrenal glands. Primary aldosteronism, excessive production of this hormone, causes a loss of potassium and retention of sodium, impacting blood volume and pressure. High blood pressure and hypokalemia result from uncontrolled primary aldosteronism. Medications and healthy diet are the primary treatment methods for managing blood pressure and potassium symptoms.
Behavioral Problems
Adrenal damage resulting from the genetic disorder adrenoleukodystrophy, which strips the insulating membrane around brain nerve cells, causes progressive dysfunction of the adrenal glands. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke indicates that men and women can develop this genetic abnormality with onset occurring between 4 and 10 years of age. Common symptoms associated with this condition are behavioral, such as abnormal aggression, withdrawal or isolation, poor memory and development of learning disabilities. Gradual vision loss, deafness and disturbance of coordination accompany progression of this form of adrenal damage. Adult onset can occur, with symptoms of lower limb weakness and deterioration in cognitive functioning. Hormone treatment and supportive therapies are imperative in treating this disorder.
Physical Abnormalities
Overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone, which stimulates the adrenal cortex, can cause adrenal gland overgrowth. The American Urological Association Foundation notes that this form of adrenal damage is often caused by excessive steroid use and results in the condition known as Cushing's syndrome. Symptoms of this disorder include round, full facial features; excessive body hair; and fat collection between the shoulders. A significant portion of individuals with this condition also develop high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes symptoms.
References
- National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service: Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease
- American Urological Association Foundation: Adrenal Gland Disorders
- Family Doctor: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- Mayo Clinic: Primary Aldosteronism
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: Adrenoleukodystrophy
