A colonoscopy is a procedure used to detect inflamed tissue, ulcers, polyps and abnormal growths, such as malignant tumors in the colon and rectum. Colonoscopy is generally recommended as the primary screening method for colon cancer. During a colonoscopy, the doctor inserts a long, flexible, lighted tube--called a colonoscope--into the rectum to visualize structures inside the colon or large intestine, according to MayoClinic.com. Colonoscopy risks are minimal, but complications may arise.
Bleeding
Bleeding is not a common complication of colonoscopy. When it occurs, it is minor and stops on its own, or it may be treated immediately during the procedure by cauterizing the bleeding site. The chance of bleeding increases with a biopsy or polyp removal, according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Perforation
Perforation is a hole or tear that can develop when a medical instrument erroneously punctures the colon wall. This perforation is potentially life-threatening, because the bowel contents can seep into the abdominal cavity, putting the patient at risk for infection that may spread throughout the body. All the perforations identified during or shortly following the colonoscopy are treated immediately without the need for a diversionary procedure, according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Infection
The incidence of infection after a colonoscopy is low. This practice is safe if the equipment is properly sterilized after each use. This eliminates any risk that an infection could be transmitted from one patient to another. This precaution is also important if the endoscope will be in storage for a significant amount of time, because the lull gives fungal pathogens a chance to grow, according to eMedTV and the National Cancer Institute.
