Although extremely bothersome, a hoarse cough and runny nose are important defense mechanisms that are triggered by the invasion of the body by irritants or infectious organisms. These mechanisms can help keep the nasal passages and airways clear and help the body protect itself. Most cases of cough and runny nose are acute, meaning they last fewer than two weeks, and do not indicate a serious medical condition.
Influenza
Influenza, more commonly referred to as the flu, is a viral infection that can be caused by a variety of influenza viruses. Influenza is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected individual or through airborne particles. According to the World Health Organization, symptoms of influenza occur suddenly and include a high fever, a runny nose, a hoarse cough, a sore throat, headaches, muscle pain, joint pain and malaise. In an otherwise healthy individual, influenza does not cause any serious complications. Infants, elderly adults or those with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing severe illnesses or death. Influenza usually goes away on its own without treatment. Vaccinations, which can prevent infection, are usually available for high-risk populations.
Whooping Cough
Whooping cough, medically referred to as pertussis, is a respiratory tract infection caused by bacteria. When the bacteria enter the airways, they irritate the lining and cause inflammation as well as excess mucus production. The combination of narrow airways and excess mucus causes hoarse, dry cough that is characteristic of whopping cough. Other symptoms include runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, watery eyes and a low fever. As the infection progresses, symptoms worsen. Treatment for whooping cough usually consists of antibiotics. MayoClinic.com notes that cough medications are generally not effective in treating whooping cough.
Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction that occurs in response to the inhalation of an allergen and mainly affects the nose and eyes. Some common allergens include pollen, mold, animal dander and dust, according to MedlinePlus, a service of the National Institutes of Health. When a person breathes in an allergen, the body releases a substance called histamine. The excess histamine causes runny nose, hoarse cough, decreased sense of smell, watery eyes, itchy nose and eyes and sneezing. The best way to treat allergic rhinitis is to avoid exposure to triggers. If complete avoidance is not possible or unrealistic, over-the-counter medications such as antihistamines, decongestants and corticosteroids can be helpful in relieving individual symptoms.
