Potassium is an essential mineral. It is also an electrolyte, an electricity-conducting substance in the body. Potassium is involved in muscular contraction vital for normal heart function, and plays a role in maintaining normal fluid balance within the cells and in the response of nerves to stimulation, the American Heart Association explains. Potassium can become depleted from the use of diuretics, or water pills, used for high blood pressure and heart disease. Although potassium supplementation can be beneficial, side effects are possible.
Hyperkalemia
One of the most dangerous side effects of potassium is hyperkalemia, or a dangerously high level of potassium in the blood. Although this side effect is rare when potassium is taken as prescribed, the risk is increased in the presence of impaired kidney function. Overdose can also cause hyperkalemia. Although usually asymptomatic, a dangerously high potassium level may cause slow or weak pulse, nausea, muscular paralysis or loss of consciousness. Hyperkalemia is a medical emergency that can result in abnormal heart rhythm and cardiac arrest, according to MedlinePlus.
Gastrointestinal Discomfort
Because potassium is irritating to the gastrointestinal tract, the most common side effects include nausea, vomiting, gas, diarrhea and abdominal pain. These symptoms can be managed by taking potassium with a meal, decreasing the dose taken at one time and diluting it, according to Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc. Potassium should not be taken on an empty stomach.
Severe Gastrointestinal Problems
Potassium supplements carry a risk of ulceration, obstruction or perforation of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine. These serious disorders result from a high concentration of potassium near gastrointestinal tissue. Certain drugs that slow the emptying of the stomach, such as anticholinergics, and potassium taken on an empty stomach increase these risks. Ulceration, perforation or blockage may produce severe vomiting, abdominal distension, abdominal pain or gastrointestinal bleeding. Extended-release tablets may reduce these risks, according to Upsher-Smith.
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