Bone marrow contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. To help diagnose blood and bone marrow diseases as well as infections, a physician may perform a bone marrow aspiration or biopsy. A large needle is inserted into the bone, and a small amount of bone marrow is removed. The physician removes the marrow from the hip or from the sternum. Risks associated with the procedure are rare but may occur.
Pain
An individual undergoing a bone marrow aspiration does not usually feel pain during the procedure, because a sedative is used to put the patient at ease and numb the area. Injecting the numbing medication with a needle may cause a stinging sensation. The individual may feel uncomfortable during the procedure and may experience pressure and pain while the physician removes the marrow, according to MedlinePlus. After the bone marrow extraction, the site may remain painful and sore for several days to a week later. Taking an over-the-counter pain reliever may help ease the discomfort.
Bleeding
Individuals taking blood thinners or those with a bleeding disorder have a greater risk of bleeding during the procedure or following the test. Platelets help clot the blood, so individuals with a low platelet count may experience bleeding. The needle may break during the procedure, increasing the risk of bleeding, according to MayoClinic.com. Avoiding strenuous activities, exercise and heavy lifting may help decrease the possibility of bleeding following the procedure.
Infection
A bone marrow aspiration or biopsy may lead to an infection at the insertion site. The signs and symptoms of an infection include increased pain in the area, fever, and drainage from where the physician inserted the needle. The area may also feel warm to the touch and tender when pressed. The infection may require antibiotics, depending on the severity of the infection. Individuals with a compromised immune system are more at risk for developing infections following a bone marrow test, according to MayoClinic.com. Waiting at least 24 hours before taking off the bandage and showering may help lower the risk of developing an infection.
Reactions to Medications
Individuals may have a reaction to the medications given during the procedure. Medications administered include a numbing medication injected into the area before the test. Rarely, the physician may give the individual a sedative to help the person relax during the test, according to MedlinePlus. The responses to these medications may include an allergic reaction, such as hives or difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeats and nausea.
