The lungs inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Air is breathed into the nasal passages, then moves into the bronchial tubes, or airways, and air sacs of the lungs. In normal circumstances, the bronchial tubes and air sacs expand and contract efficiently to allow smooth air flow. In those with lung disorders, lung abnormalities prevent proper air flow which can result in breathing difficulties and insufficient oxygen in the body.
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by the inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes as well as the excess production of mucus. Those with asthma experience shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness and chronic coughing. The symptoms of asthma occur in attacks that are brought on by a number of known triggers, including airborne allergens, chemical irritants, certain medications, viral infections and strenuous physical activity, according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Severe symptoms can be life-threatening. Asthma is usually managed with a combination of fast-acting and long-term medications. Fast-acting medications are used during an asthma attack and work quickly to open up the airways and allow proper flow for breathing. Long-term medications are used to prevent inflammation and manage asthma, and are usually taken regularly.
Emphysema
Emphysema is a condition in which the air sacs in the lungs, called alveoli, are gradually damaged and destroyed. This prevents some inhaled oxygen from reaching the bloodstream, according to MayoClinic.com, and results in shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, chronic cough, loss of appetite and fatigue. Those with emphysema also become tired very quickly during any type of physical activity. Cigarette smoke is the leading cause of the development of emphysema. In a small number of cases, emphysema develops as a result of genetic protein deficiency. The most effective treatment for emphysema is the cessation of smoking. Medications and oxygen therapy may also be given to slow the progression of the disease and improve breathing.
Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is characterized by the chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes in the lungs. The constant inflammation causes the bronchial tubes to become irritated and produce excess mucus in response. The combination of a smaller airway diameter and mucus buildup makes breathing extremely difficult. The characteristic symptoms of bronchitis are shortness of breath, a mucus-filled cough and chest tightness. As with emphysema, smoking is the leading cause of chronic bronchitis. The American Academy of Family Physicians notes that long-term exposure to chemicals and other airborne irritants can also cause chronic bronchitis. The condition usually improves when the irritant is removed. Bronchodilators may also be used to open up the airways and allow air into the lungs.
