Ligaments attach bone to bones. Although they can stretch slightly, their role is to prevent hyper-extension of a joint by tightening to restrict movement. If too much force is placed on a ligament, it can be injured. In the elbow, the ulnar collateral ligament, or UCL, is involved when throwing, swinging a racquet and other similar activities. Occupations that place excessive force on the elbow can also cause problems. If the UCL is injured, it is important to seek treatment to prevent a chronic problem.
Sprain
The term sprain is used when an injury affects a ligament. Sprains that are not severe are called grade one and are diagnosed when the ligament is irritated or inflamed but not actually damaged. Sports that require repetitive twisting of the elbow, placing weight on the elbows, such as during gymnastics, can all overstretch the UCL and cause an elbow sprain.
Grade one sprains often cause pain and tenderness that may worsen with activity but improve with rest. If a sprain is caught in the early stages, rest, ice, elevation and bracing for a week or two may be all the treatment that is required, states the Aurora Health Care website.
Tear
If a grade one sprain goes untreated or there is excessive force on the ulnar collateral ligament, the ligament may develop one or several small tears. Sports or occupations that require repetitive overhead movements create the highest risk, according to the Rothman Institute.
A ligament tear can cause constant pain, swelling and redness and can take weeks or months to heal, depending on the severity. Treatment may involve immobilizing the elbow and cortisone injections. A period of physical therapy may be required along with a slow return to activities.
Rupture
Falls, blows to the elbow, or abrupt twisting and forceful movements may cause a complete tear or rupture to the ulnar collateral ligament, warns The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library. At this level, pain and swelling are usually severe and the joint will feel unstable. In most cases, surgery is required to repair the ligament and stabilize the elbow joint. Recovery from surgery can take months.
