In the body, potassium is an electrolyte, meaning each atom of potassium is electrically charged. Potassium plays an important role in electrical conduction in the body. Individual cells use electrical conduction in the body to perform various functions, such as communication and moving nutrients into the cells and wastes out of them. Low potassium, also known as hypokalemia, interferes with the electrical processes of cells and can cause several symptoms.
Mild Hypokalemia Symptoms
Normal potassium is between 3.5 and 5.0 mEq per liter in most people, according to "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine." A small drop in potassium, from about 3.0 to 3/5 mEq/L typically produces no symptoms. However, it may increase blood pressure. Theoretically, it could increase the risk for heart palpitations as well.
Moderate Hypokalemia Symptoms
Moderate hypokalemia, down to about 2.5 mEq/L in most people, may also cause no symptoms. However, this lower level can begin to affect the muscles. Symptoms may include muscle pain, cramps and weakness. Involuntary muscles in the body, known as smooth muscles, will also be affected. For example, the muscles of the intestine will not function well, which can lead to constipation.
Severe Hypokalemia Symptoms
Low potassium below about 2.5 mEq/L can produce more dangerous symptoms. These include loss of muscle reflexes, inability to contract muscles and tetanus, which is a sustained contraction of muscle. Impaired muscular contraction can also lead to breathing difficulty if the diaphragm and other muscles of breathing are affected.
References
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine"; Anthony S Fauci et al; 17th Ed.; 2008
- "Robbin's and Kumar Pathologic Basis of Disease"; Vinay Kumar et al; 8th Ed; 2009
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