Stomach cramps describes a gripping or cramping-like pain that occurs in the abdominal region but may or may not relate to any condition affecting the stomach. Because the abdomen contains so many organs, such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, liver, kidneys and spleen, stomach cramps or abdominal pain may result from conditions affecting any of these organs.
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, known as GERD, occurs when the sphincter that separates the esophagus and stomach, known as the lower esophageal sphincter, either fails to close completely or spontaneously opens. This malfunction of the sphincter allows acid from the stomach to rise into the esophagus, causing irritation. This irritation results in a burning or cramping pain in the upper abdomen.
Lactose Intolerance
Lactose intolerance describes a condition characterized by the inability to digest the sugar found in milk and milk products, known as lactose. Lactase, an enzyme produced in the small intestine, breaks down lactose into the simple sugars glucose and galactose, which the body can absorb and utilize. A deficiency in lactase allows lactose to remain intact, causing digestive problems that result in stomach cramps, gas, bloating, diarrhea and nausea.
Viral Gastroenteritis
Viral gastroenteritis, commonly called the stomach flu, occurs as a result of a viral infection transmitted through contaminated food or contact with an infected person, according to MayoClinic.com. The most common viruses causing viral gastroenteritis include the rotavirus---the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants and children---and norovirus. Viral gastroenteritis attacks the lining of the intestines, causing upper abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea and a low-grade fever.
Gastritis
Gastritis, inflammation of the stomach lining, can occur due to a bacterial infection, an autoimmune disorder, a malfunction that causes bile to back up into the stomach or the long-term use of medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The inflammation of the stomach lining leads to abdominal pain and cramps, indigestion, heartburn, hiccups, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and dark stools, as described by the University of Maryland Medical Center.
Pyloric Stenosis
Pyloric stenosis, a congenital condition that affects newborn babies and infants, occurs when the pylorus, the sphincter that connects the stomach and the small intestine, develops abnormally large, which blocks the passage of liquids and foods into the small intestine. Because food cannot go down, it comes back up, resulting in repeated vomiting, usually within 30 minutes after eating, according to MayoClinic.com. Pyloric stenosis also causes persistent hunger, dehydration and weight loss. The muscles of the stomach try to force the food down pass the pylorus, which creates wave-like contractions in the upper abdomen. These muscle contractions and the repeated vomiting can cause stomach irritation and stomach cramps.
