Normal, healthy gums are light pink, slightly firm to the tough and painless. When infectious organisms gain access to the gums, it can cause soreness in the gums that may be accompanied by abnormal bleeding. Sore gums may also be an early indicator of serious conditions that require immediate medical attention.
Gingivitis
Gingivitis is a common form of gum, or periodontal, disease that is characterized by inflammation of the gums. In addition to swollen gums, those with gingivitis may experience sore gums, soft gums, bleeding from the gums, bad breath and change in gum color from pink to deep red, according to MayoClinic.com. The majority of cases of gingivitis are caused by plaque, which is a film made up of bacteria that forms on the teeth. Plaque that remains on the teeth for 2 to 3 days can harden into the gum line and cause infection. Brushing can effectively remove plaque, but MayoClinic.com notes that most plaque returns in 24 hours so it is important to keep a normal brushing routine. Gingivitis can usually be successfully treated with a thorough dental cleaning and the maintenance of proper hygiene, which includes brushing, flossing and antiseptic mouthwash.
Herpetic Stomatitis
Herpetic stomatitis is a contagious viral mouth infection caused by herpes virus hominis. The main characteristic of herpetic stomatitis is ulcers and inflammation in the mouth. Other symptoms include blisters in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, drooling, high fever, irritability, pain in the mouth and sore and swollen gums. The viral infection is usually treated with a class of antiviral medications in the acyclovir family, according to MedlinePlus. A topical anesthetic called viscous lidocaine may also be used for severe pain, but is generally not recommended because it causes severe numbness that can pose serious health risks.
Oral Cancer
The term oral cancer encompasses cancer that affects the lips, tongue, cheek, palates, floor of the mouth, sinuses and throat, according to Cleveland Clinic. Oral cancer usually appears as a sore or growth in any of these areas that does not heal or go away. As the cancer progresses, it can cause sore and swollen gums or lips; white and red patches in the mouth; unexplained oral bleeding; numbness in face, mouth or neck; difficulty chewing and swallowing; chronic sore throat; pain in the ear; and unexplained weight loss. Risk factors for the development of oral cancer include smoking, chronic alcohol use, family history of cancer and chronic exposure to the sun. Oral cancer is treated with the removal of the cancerous growth followed by periods of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The earlier the cancer is detected and treatment begun, the higher the chances of survival.
