Hyperkalemia is the medical term for high levels of potassium in the bloodstream. Potassium is an electrolyte, or salt, necessary for the adequate function of muscles and nerves in the body. Other electrolytes include sodium, calcium, chlorine, phosphate and magnesium. A balance in electrolyte levels is important for good health. A blood test will determine whether potassium levels are normal.
Causes
The kidneys can play a vital role in the level of potassium. Their job is to filter the bloodstream, maintain fluid balance and remove wastes and electrolytes. When the kidneys fail, too many minerals and wastes circulate throughout the body and can be life-threatening. Other causes include alcoholism, drug abuse, type 1 diabetes and medications such as ACE inhibitors and diuretics.
Symptoms
When levels of potassium are too high, an individual may experience irregular heartbeats, muscle cramps, nausea or vomiting, numbness or tingling, slow pulse rate and shortness of breath.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Sometimes symptoms go unnoticed, but are commonly detected with routine tests such as blood samples or electrocardiograms. When symptoms are experienced, immediate medical attention is needed to stabilize electrolyte levels and possibly dialysis. Medications such as diuretics may also be used to address potassium levels. Dietary interventions can include increasing water intake, exercising regularly and reducing foods high in potassium such as lentils, bananas, potatoes, tomatoes and nuts.
Prevention/Solution
Monitoring conditions that can lead to hyperkalemia, such as diabetes or kidney failure, is important for preventing the development of high potassium levels. A patient with these conditions will likely be monitored closely by his physician for signs of change. Any addition of potassium supplements or supplements that may alter potassium or any other electrolyte should be approved by a physician. Monitoring general health regularly can help prevent hyperkalemia.
Warnings
Potassium levels can be erroneously high due to the rupture of blood cells during the blood sampling process that leaks potassium into the surrounding fluids. Another blood sample is usually taken when levels are reported high. The University of Maryland Medical Center warns that some herbs cause a spike in potassium levels, including dandelion, alfalfa, horsetail and nettle.
