In normal digestion, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a muscle at the end of the esophagus, opens to allow food and liquid to pass into the stomach. Once the food has passed into the stomach, the LES closes tightly as a barrier between the esophagus and stomach contents. In acid reflux, the LES does not close securely, resulting in the backflow, or reflux, of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus. This results in irritation and other symptoms. If acid reflux occurs frequently without treatment, constant inflammation could progress to cancer.
GERD
According to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, persistent acid reflux that occurs more than twice a week is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Causes for GERD are unclear but may result from hiatal hernias, obesity, pregnancy and smoking. Damage from stomach acid can lead to esophagitis, a condition characterized by bleeding and ulceration the esophagus. If left untreated, GERD can cause other serious complications such as Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer. Treatment usually consists of lifestyle changes, medications, surgery or a combination of therapies.
Barrett's Esophagus
Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the tissue lining the esophagus is replaced by intestinal-type tissue. This process, known as metaplasia, is most often seen in individuals with long-term GERD and is thought to be the body's defense mechanism to persistent acid exposure. Over time, however abnormal growth, known as dysplasia, may occur and progress from a low to high grade before becoming cancer. Barrett's esophagus cannot be reversed, but treatment with lifestyle changes, medication or surgery may help reduce the risk of developing cancer.
Esophageal Cancer
According to the Mayo Clinic, the causes for esophageal cancer are unknown; however GERD is one of the leading risk factors for this lethal disease. It is theorized that continual irritation of the esophagus may cause DNA changes leading to esophageal cancer. Treatment for esophageal cancer is based on the stage of cancer, overall health and personal preference. Options for treatment include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and clinical trials. Preventing esophageal cancer, with regard to acid reflux, includes treatment for GERD, monitoring Barrett's esophagus closely if diagnosed, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
References
- MedlinePlus: Heartburn
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse: Heartburn, Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER), and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse: Barrett's esophagus
- Mayo Clinic: Barrett's Esophagus
- Jackson Siegelbaum Gastroenterolgoy: Barrett's Esophagus
