Testosterone is the male hormone responsible for initiating physical traits that are specific to males, such as body hair growth, erectile function and sexual drive, according to the Prostate Cancer Foundation. Testosterone also feeds prostate cancer cells and encourages tumor growth. Prostate cancer hormone therapy involves reducing testosterone levels to starve cancer cells and shrink tumor size. Many side effects are associated with testosterone reduction.
Fatigue and Weakness
According to the Prostate Cancer Foundation, testosterone levels may be reduced by orchiectomy, which is the surgical removal of the testicles. Orchiectomy is permanent and side effects are significant because the testicles produce 90 percent of testosterone in the body. Drug therapy is a less permanent option and side effects can be reversed when the drug is stopped. Before testosterone is produced, luteinizing-hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) is produced by the body. LHRH agonists are drugs that stop the LHRH production, which ultimately stops the testosterone production. When testosterone is reduced, prostate cancer cells starve and the tumor shrinks. Because testosterone plays a role in many important functions of the male body, many side effects occur with hormone therapy. Some side effects include fatigue, loss of muscle mass and muscle weakness. An exercise program that includes weight-bearing exercises will improve fatigue, increase muscle mass and reduce muscle weakness.
Gynecomastia, Impotence and Hot Flashes
There are several sexual side effects associated with hormone therapy, according the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance. Gynecomastia is swelling and pain of the male breasts. Impotence, loss of libido and erectile dysfunction are likely to occur in up to 90 percent of men taking hormone therapy. These side effects may make intercourse impossible. Hot flashes are a common side effect of hormone therapy, and are similar to the hot flashes women experience during menopause. These hot flashes may cause facial and torso flushing, warmth and excessive sweating. Sexual side effects are not dangerous but may cause physical and emotional distress. These side effects should be discussed with a doctor prior to initiation of hormone therapy.
Mood Swings and Depression
Patients taking hormone therapy often experience emotional side effects. According to the Prostate Cancer Foundation, these include mood swings and depression. Changes in mood are likely related to testosterone reduction. The prostate cancer diagnosis, in addition to testosterone reduction, is likely to cause depression. Anti-depressant medications and a moderate exercise program will treat depression.
Osteoporosis
Patients taking hormone therapy for prolonged time periods are at risk for developing osteoporosis, according to the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance. Testosterone strengthens bones, and when it is reduced during hormone therapy, bones loose mineral density. This results in weak, brittle and thin bones that are prone to fractures. This condition is called osteoporosis. Treatment for osteoporosis involves vitamins, medications and weight-bearing exercises.
