The tongue is a fleshy and movable organ, made up of many groups of muscles. It is the primary organ of taste and assists in swallowing, chewing and the production of speech. When the tongue has a white appearance, it usually occurs temporarily and as a result of debris or inflammation. However, a white tongue can also indicate infection or be a sign of an oral condition. A dentist or health care provider can assist in diagnosing and treating a white tongue.
Thrush
Oral thrush occurs most often in infants and people with weakened immune systems. It develops from an overgrowth of the yeast candida that occurs naturally in the mouth. Infants and those with weakened immune systems can accumulate the yeast on the lining of the mouth because of inabilities to fight off infection. The American Nutrition Association calls the yeast candida the most common cause of oral fungal infections and a normal constituent of the digestive and vaginal tracts. Symptoms of oral thrush include white patches on the tongue and inner cheeks that have a cottage cheese-like appearance, cracking at the corners of the mouth, red tissue that may bleed easily and slight pain.
Geographic Tongue
Geographic tongue is a benign oral condition that causes inflammation of the tongue. The condition occurs from the loss of papillae, which are the layers of bumps that cover the tongue. The exact cause of this loss is unknown, but experts believe vitamin deficiencies and irritations may trigger the disorder. Approximately 1 to 3 percent of people experience geographic tongue and the condition tends to run in families, according to MayoClinic.com. Symptoms of geographic tongue include map-like appearances on the tongue; red patches with white lined borders; varying shapes and locations of lesions; and soreness for some. The condition normally doesn't require medical attention, but a doctor may recommend medications to decrease discomfort.
Oral Lichen Planus
Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the lining of the mouth. It commonly occurs on the inside of the cheeks, tongues and lips. Oral lichen planus may precipitate from viral infections, stress, allergens and medications, but the exact cause of the condition is unknown. Approximately 1 to 2 percent of the population develops the condition and it occurs most often in people older than 40 years, according to LichenPlanus.com. Those with OLP typically experience symmetrical white lace-like patterns, open sores, tender patches of tissue, and burning sensations on the affected area. Treatment usually depends on severity of symptoms.
