Gum disease is a broad term applied to infections that result when bacteria in tooth plaque cause gum inflammation. It can progress from a mild form called gingivitis to the more serious periodontitis and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, commonly called "trench mouth." If left untreated, the infections cause tooth and bone loss. The infection can also travel to other parts of the body and contribute to serious health problems.
Gum Diseases
The mildest form of gum disease is called gingivitis. The symptoms are red and swollen gums that bleed easily. According to the American Academy of Periodontology, gingivitis causes little or no pain.
If left untreated, gingivitis usually progresses to periodontitis when plaque and its accompanying bacteria spread below the gum line. Spaces, called "pockets," form between the teeth and gums, and become infected. Left untreated, gum tissue and the bones holding the teeth are destroyed.
According to the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, or trench mouth, differs somewhat from the other forms of gum disease in that it usually occurs quickly and causes pain even without pressure on the gums. Other symptoms are bleeding gums and gum sores. It can also be accompanied by sore throat, swollen glands and occasionally even fever.
Causes
MayoClinic.com explains that the cause of tooth plaque is the interaction of components of food with normal mouth bacteria. Brushing removes plaque, but it can form again within 24 hours. If allowed to remain, it irritates the gums, resulting in gingivitis.
If not removed, plaque hardens into tartar under the gumline. A professional cleaning is needed to remove tartar. If buildup is severe, it may require deep cleaning of the pockets. After the cleaning, the dentist may insert an antibiotic strip into the pocket to kill bacteria. If severe infection continues, it eventually results in the breakdown of the bone in which teeth are anchored and the loss of those teeth.
In addition to poor oral hygiene, MayoClinic.com lists other contributing factors to gum disease, including tobacco and substance use, poor nutrition, hormonal changes, some medications, diabetes and decreased immunity such as occurs with age and some diseases.
According to the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, stress is likely another risk factor for necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. The disease received its common name of trench mouth due to its development in soldiers in trenches during World War I. The soldiers were under stress as well as unable to practice good oral hygiene.
Complications
Untreated gum disease not only results in destruction of gum tissue and bones anchoring the teeth, it can contribute to cardiovascular disease as well. MayoClinic.com explains the bacteria from gum disease migrate through the body and cause inflammation in the arteries of the heart. Artery inflammation contributes to buildup of plaque in blood vessels, which can lead to heart attack and stroke. Gum disease can also lead to difficulties in managing diabetes and respiratory problems.
