The colon is part of the human digestive system. Food travels to the stomach, then to the small intestine and finally to the large intestine, otherwise known as the colon. The colon is responsible for transforming the 3 pints of liquid waste it receives every day into the manageable solid waste known as stool and storing it until the body is ready to evacuate the stool. Disease prevents the colon from doing an effective job of passing waste from the body.
Colonic Diseases
Some common diseases of the colon include diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and cancer. Another intestinal disease, diverticulosis, is the precursor to diverticulitis and a very common condition in developed nations whose diet includes processed foods, according to the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates.
Causes
A low-fiber diet that includes a lot of processed foods has been linked to diverticulitis. The Cleveland Clinic attributes many causes of colon cancer, including environmental factors, diet and heredity. Colitis is a group of conditions that affect the colon, and each type of colitis has a different cause. Irritable bowel describes a condition where the colon contracts in an abnormal fashion. These spasms prevent the efficient function of the colon.
Symptoms
Some people with colon disease have no symptoms at all. Many people with diverticulosis never have any symptoms. Others may experience abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, fever, diarrhea or constipation.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis begins with a thorough examination at a doctor's office. Blood tests are ordered, as are radiology tests such as x-rays, MRIs and CAT scans. Tests specifically designed to diagnose colon diseases include barium enemas and colonoscopy.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the specific diagnosis and the severity of the symptoms. Diverticulitis can be treated with antibiotics, fluids and diet changes while acute diverticulitis is a life-threatening condition that may require immediate surgery. Cancer may require radiation, chemotherapy or surgery. Other conditions may be controlled with prescription medicine.
Complications
Complications can range from none to life-threatening situations that need prompt surgery or medical attention. Chronic conditions such as colitis may cause significant weight loss, dehydration and an impact on the activities of daily living due to frequent diarrhea and discomfort. Complications from diverticulitis can include tears in the intestinal wall causing stool to leak into the abdominal cavity. Cancer may cause the colon to malfunction, and carries the added risk of cancer spreading to other organs.
Prevention
A high-fiber diet, low in processed foods and rich in fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains will reduce the risk of developing diverticulitis. MedlinePlus suggests a low-fat diet to lower the risk of cancer. A family history of colon disease and a personal history of other types of intestinal disorders also increase risk of developing colon disease.
