Fingernail problems can be classified as changes in the color, structure, strength or shape of the nail. Nails are made up of a protein called keratin that normally gives the nails their strength as well as their smooth, rounded shape. Fingernail problems can occur as a result of direct invasion of the fingernail by harmful substances or systemic disorders that affect the keratin.
Nail Fungus
Fungi are potentially harmful organisms that can thrive in moist, dark environments. Fungi invade the nails through cuts in the fingers and hands when the hands are exposed to these environments. The fungus that most commonly causes fingernail problems belongs to a group of fungi referred to as dermatophytes. MayoClinic.com notes that yeast and molds can also cause fungal infections of the nail. Fungal nail infections often begin as a small white or yellow spot under the fingernail. As the infection worsens, a larger area of the nail becomes discolored, and the nail thickens and crumbles. The shape of the nail may also change, and the surface becomes dull. Treatment for nail fungus may be difficult, and infections often return, according to MayoClinic.com. Treatment usually requires oral anti-fungal medications. If medication is not effective, surgery may be needed to remove the entire fingernail to remove the infection.
Lichen Planus
Lichen planus is a skin condition characterized by itchy, purplish bumps that develop on various areas of the skin. The bumps associated with lichen planus are flat on top and may also develop white scales on the surface. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, lichen planus may affect the wrists, forearms, ankles, scalp, nails, mouth and genitals. Lichen planus on the nails causes the nails to become extremely brittle and more prone to cracks and splits. The cause of lichen planus is unknown, but the American Academy of Family Physicians notes that the skin condition is not contagious and cannot be transferred through direct contact. Lichen planus usually goes away on its own within one year. Corticosteroid pills, retinoids and light therapy may be used to reduce itching.
Hypothyroidism
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck below the larynx. The thyroid gland releases hormones that are responsible for controlling the body's metabolic processes. Hypothyroidism is a condition that occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. This can cause increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, depression, fatigue, heavy periods, joint and muscle pain, pale skin, weakness and brittle fingernails. Medline Plus notes that the most common cause of hypothyroidism is chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, called Hashimoto's disease. The chronic inflammation causes permanent damage to the thyroid gland. Other causes of hypothyroidism include birth defects, radiation therapy, surgical removal of the thyroid or side effects of medications used to treat hyperthyroidism. Treatment for hypothyroidism consists of replacing the deficient hormones. Synthetic oral supplements are usually required for a lifetime.
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