Itching is a bothersome sensation activated by the body in response to an irritant that triggers a strong desire to scratch. The irritant that causes itching may come into direct contact with the skin or enter into the body and cause a widespread response. Although scratching may temporarily relieve itching, individuals should generally avoid it.
Allergic Reaction
An allergic reaction is an exaggerated immune response triggered by substances called allergens. Common allergies include pet dander, insect stings or bites, nuts, shellfish, poison ivy, pollen and certain medications, according to MedlinePlus. Those with allergies have increased sensitivity to these allergens, and when the body comes into contact with them, it releases an excess amount of histamine. This causes a widespread body response characterized by hives, severe itching, nasal congestion, rashes and watery eyes.
More severe allergic reactions may cause abdominal pain, chest discomfort, diarrhea, difficulty breathing and swallowing, dizziness, flushing, nausea, vomiting, wheezing and swelling, especially in the face. Mild allergic reactions can usually be stopped by avoiding contact with the allergen and using an over-the-counter antihistamine. Moderate to severe allergic reactions require immediate medical attention.
Dry Skin
Dry skin, medically referred to as xerosis, occurs when water is lost from the skin cells. Well-hydrated skin cells are plump and smooth. Dry skin cells are shriveled and begin to flake. This can cause severe itching as well as a wrinkled appearance, a tight feeling in the skin, redness and possibly bleeding.
According to MayoClinic.com, most cases of dry skin are caused by environmental factors, such as extremely cold weather, the use of central air or heat, hot baths and extended sun exposure. Occasionally, dry skin can occur as a result of underlying medical conditions such as psoriasis or thyroid disorders. Mild to moderate cases of dry skin can be corrected with the regular use of lotions and creams and avoidance of hot baths and extreme temperatures. Prescription creams and lotions may be needed for severe dry skin.
Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis, more commonly referred to as eczema, is a chronic skin condition characterized by areas of skin inflammation and severe itchiness. The rashes usually appear on the face, inside the elbows, behind the knees and on the hands and feet. The cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but the condition is believed to develop as a result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors, according to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Atopic dermatitis is usually treated with a combination of medications, such as antihistamines and corticosteroids, and avoidance of irritants, such as warm water and harsh soaps.
