Gums, medically referred to as gingiva, consist of mucosal tissue that covers the teeth. In a healthy individual, gums are light to reddish pink in color and have a smooth, soft structure. Gums should not be a source of pain or soreness. Diseases or infections that invade the gums may cause soreness and bleeding of the gums.
Gingivitis
Gingivitis is a mild form of periodontal disease that is characterized by the inflammation of the gums. Gingivitis usually develops as a result of plaque deposits that remain on the teeth for an extended period of time. Gingivitis may also be caused by injury to the gums, uncontrolled diabetes and misaligned teeth, according to MedlinePlus. Signs and symptoms of gingivitis include bleeding gums, sore and swollen gums, mouth sores and a shiny and red appearance to the gums. If gingivitis is not treated, it may progress to periodontitis or cause an abscess.
Periodontitis
Periodontitis is a severe gum infection that destroys the tissue and bone that hold the teeth in place. Periodontitis can cause tooth loss and an increased risk for heart attack or stroke. MayoClinic.com notes that periodontitis usually develops as a result of poor oral hygiene. Plaque is a bacteria-laden film that forms on the surface of the teeth over the course of a day. When plaque is not removed from the teeth, it can get under the gums and harden. The longer plaque remains under the gums, the more damage it causes. Symptoms of periodontitis include sore and swollen gums, bright red gums, receding gums, the development of spaces between the teeth, pus from the gums, bad breath, bad taste in the mouth and loose teeth, according to MayoClinic.com.
Oral Cancer
Oral cancer is a term that encompasses cancer that begins on the lips, cheeks, tongue, hard or soft palates, sinuses and throat, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Oral cancer usually begins as a sore that does not heal or a growth that will not go away. As the cancer progresses, it usually causes white and red patches in the mouth; oral bleeding; numbness and pain in the mouth, neck and face; difficulty chewing and swallowing; chronic sore throat; voice changes; and sore gums. Those who smoke or consume excessive amounts of alcohol are at an increased risk for the development of oral cancer. Family history of cancer and chronic sun exposure also increase the risk for oral cancer. The Cleveland Clinic notes that the one-year survival rate for those diagnosed with oral cancer is 81 percent.
