The bones of the spinal column, also called vertebrae, run down the length of the back and connect the skull to the pelvis. The vertebrae serve as protection for the nerves in the central nervous system that form the spinal column. Between each vertebra is a disc that cushions the bones and allows the spinal column to move.
Anatomy of a Disk
Disks are soft, rubber-like structures that are made up of two layers. The outer layer of the disk is called the annulus. The annulus is a thick, hard layer of cartilage that protects the inside layer of the disk, which is called the nucleus. The nucleus is composed of a soft, gel-like substance. A herniated disk occurs when part of the nucleus pushes through a torn area of the annulus and puts excess pressure on the spinal nerves.
Symptoms
When pressure is exerted on the spinal nerves, it can cause a number of abnormal body sensations. According to MayoClinic.com, one of the most common symptoms of a herniated disc is a sensation referred to as sciatica. Sciatica is characterized by an aching pain that radiates from the buttock and down the back of the leg. The pain is often accompanied by tingling and numbness. A herniated disk may also cause pain and weakness in the lower back, neck, shoulder, chest, arm and one of the legs. This pain is usually exacerbated by coughing, sneezing or prolonged periods of sitting.
Causes
A herniated disk most often occurs due to disk degeneration, which is the weakening of the disks as a normal part of the aging process. As a person ages, the disks in the spinal column lose water, which causes them to become less flexible and more prone to rupturing. Another cause of a herniated disk is using the back muscles to lift heavy objects inside of applying most of the pressure to the legs. Excess body weight and smoking can also contribute to the development of a herniated disk. Although it is rare, trauma to the back may also cause a herniated disk.
Treatment
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons notes that 90 percent of cases of a herniated disk can be treated with non-surgical techniques. Usually, the only treatment required is over-the-counter pain relievers and bed rest. Some people with more intense pain may need muscle relaxants or anti-inflammatory medications. If these treatment methods are ineffective, corticosteroids may be injected directly into the spinal column to reduce inflammation and relieve pain. If a herniated disk is exerting severe pressure on a nerve or is stuck in the spinal column, surgery may be needed to correct the problem.
Prevention
There are a number of things an individual can do to decrease the chances of developing a herniated disk. Following a regular exercise routine can slow the degeneration of the disks and strengthen the core. Maintaining good posture and a healthy weight can keep unnecessary pressure off the spine and disks. If an individual works in a profession that requires constant heavy lifting, back braces may be worn to prevent injury; however, Medline Plus notes that the prolonged use of back braces can cause the back and abdominal muscles to weaken.
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