The digestive system is simply a series of hollow organs arranged in one long, twisting tube, according to MedlinePlus. The problems that afflict the digestive system are not so simple and are often uncomfortable. Digestive problems, or gastrointestinal diseases as they are sometimes called, can happen anywhere along that long tube, including the mouth, stomach and intestines.
Anatomy
Food is introduced into the mouth, where it is ground up, moistened with saliva, and the process of digestion begins. Food then passes down into the top of the esophagus, which then triggers a valve to open between the esophagus and the stomach. Powerful stomach muscles churn the food into small pieces, and gastric acids and enzymes chemically break down food into base nutrients before it is passed into the intestines. Here food is mixed with chemicals created in the liver, pancreas and gall bladder. Nutrients and excess fluids are absorbed by the small and large intestines.
Conditions
There are several common digestive problems. Reflux describes a condition where the valve between the esophagus and stomach does not close properly, allowing stomach acids to rise up, or reflux, into the esophagus. Diverticulitis affects the large intestine by developing pouches that fill with hard stool, leading to painful inflammation or even tears of the large intestine wall. Gall stones can build and become trapped in the gallbladder. Ulcerative colitis is a common yet painful condition of the digestive tract.
Symptoms
Symptoms of digestive problems include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, unintentional weight loss and gas. Diarrhea and constipation may also be present. The patient may or may not have a fever. Blood in the stool is a very serious symptom.
Diagnosis
A general practitioner will take a detailed medical history and give a thorough examination. She will order blood tests, such as liver function studies, pancreatic tests and blood chemistry profiles. X-rays of the abdomen are usually ordered, and specialized tests such as MRIs and CAT scans may be recommended. The doctor may order an endoscopy, which is a tiny camera positioned on a long tube that is inserted into the throat and allows the physician to see the inside of the digestive tract. Or she may request a barium enema, which looks at the lower GI tract.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the diagnosis. Mechanical problems in the mouth, throat and esophagus may be treated by a physician specializing in ear, nose and throat conditions. A gastrointestinal specialist may prescribe medicine, therapeutic diet or surgery if necessary.
Functional Disorders
Functional disorders are the most common conditions affecting the colon and rectum, describing a condition where the bowel looks normal but doesn't function properly. Constipation and irritable bowel syndrome are often caused by a low-fiber diet and not getting enough exercise. Other digestive disorders may be caused by disease, heredity, injury or trauma.
