Tendons are bands of connective tissue that attach a muscle to a bone. The Achilles tendon is the tendon that connects two large muscles in the calf, called the gastrocnemius and the soleus, to the bones in the heel. These muscles aid in walking by allowing the foot to push up off the ground. Achilles tendinitis is a condition that occurs when the Achilles tendon becomes inflamed.
Types
There are two types of Achilles tendinitis: noninsertional and insertional. Noninsertional Achilles tendinitis affects the fibers in the middle portion of the Achilles tendon, and symptoms can usually be seen above the heel. This type of Achilles tendinitis usually affects younger people who are extremely active, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Insertional tendinitis affects the lower part of the heel, where the Achilles tendon physically attaches to the heel bone. This type of Achilles tendinitis can affect people of all ages and activity levels.
Causes
The most common causes of Achilles tendinitis are overuse of the tendon due to repetitive motion or severe strain on the muscle from constant physical activity. Abnormal anatomy, such as flat feet, can also contribute to the development of Achilles tendinitis. Older adults usually develop Achilles tendinitis as a complication of arthritis, according to Medline Plus.
Symptoms
Pain is often the initial symptom of Achilles tendinitis. The pain usually begins as a minor irritation and then becomes gradually worse as the inflammation increases. Tenderness and stiffness often accompany the pain, especially upon waking up, according to MayoClinic.com. The affected area usually becomes swollen and warm, and a cracking sound can be heard when walking. Those with Achilles tendinitis also experience weakness in the leg muscles.
Treatment
Nonsurgical at-home treatment methods are usually effective in reducing inflammation and treating Achilles tendinitis. Self-care strategies include rest of the affected leg, application of ice, compression with elastic bandages and elevating the affected foot above heart level, according to MayoClinic.com. If pain is severe, prescription pain relievers may help to relieve it. If self-care strategies are ineffective, corticosteroids may be injected directly into the joint. Surgery may be needed in severe cases.
Complications
Achilles tendinitis may lead to a more severe condition known as Achilles tendinosis, which is characterized by structural changes in the tendon that weakens the tendon and makes it more prone to injury. An Achilles rupture, which is a physical tear in the tendon, may also occur. An Achilles rupture requires surgical repair.
