The arteries are the largest blood vessels in the body. They are responsible for carrying blood, as well as oxygen and nutrients, from the heart to the other areas of the body. When the arteries are healthy, they are strong and flexible and move freely with blood flow. Chronic high blood pressure or the accumulation of fat and plaque in the arteries can cause the walls of the arteries to thicken and harden, which hinders proper blood flow. Abnormal hardening of the arteries is referred to as atherosclerosis.
Causes
Atherosclerosis is a gradual process that occurs as a result of damage to the inner layers of arteries over time. Each time the arteries are damaged, the body triggers a healing response that deposits plaque into the damaged areas of the arteries. The most common causes of damage include smoking, high amounts of fat and cholesterol in the blood and high blood pressure, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Diabetics are also at a higher risk for atherosclerosis because of chronic high levels of glucose in the blood.
Symptoms
The initial stages of atherosclerosis do not usually produce any symptoms. When the arteries become significantly hardened, blood flow becomes hindered to such an extent that an adequate amount of blood cannot be delivered to the rest of the body. This can cause a number of symptoms including chest pain, chest pressure, shortness of breath, fatigue and lack of energy. Some people might not have any symptoms until they experience a stroke or a heart attack.
Treatment
Medline Plus notes that lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and a low-fat diet, are often the best way to treat atherosclerosis. If lifestyle changes cannot help treat atherosclerosis, medications might be used. Possible medications include those to lower cholesterol, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors or diuretics. Surgery might be needed for severe hardening of the arteries. During surgery, the narrowed artery will be opened or bypassed.
Complications
If left untreated, atherosclerosis can lead to a number of heart diseases, such as coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease or peripheral artery disease. Hardening of the arteries can also lead to aneurysms, which are bulges in the arterial walls that may be life-threatening. Atherosclerosis also can lead to a heart attack or stroke.
Prevention
MayoClinic.com suggests a number of lifestyle changes that might help prevent the development of atherosclerosis. One of the most important lifestyle changes is to quit smoking. Exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy body weight also can help prevent the hardening of the arteries. Following a healthy diet that is low in salt and fat might also help with prevention.
