"Periodontal" literally means "around the tooth." Periodontal diseases are chronic bacterial infections that affect the gums and the bones that hold the teeth in place. Periodontal disease begins when plaque, which is a sticky, bacteria-laden film, collects under the gums. If the plaque is not removed, it hardens and turns to tartar, which can irritate the gums and surrounding area.
Gingivitis
Gingivitis, a mild form of periodontal disease, is characterized by inflammation and redness of the gums. The gums may also bleed easily, but there is usually no significant pain associated with this early form of periodontal disease. Gingivitis can usually be reversed with a deep dental cleaning and a good oral hygiene regimen.
Periodontitis
Periodontitis is a serious form of periodontal disease characterized by a severe infection that causes damage to the soft tissues and bones that support the teeth. Periodontitis usually develops as a result of untreated gingivitis. When tartar remains in place for extended periods of time, pockets can develop between the teeth and gums. These pockets then fill up with plaque, tartar and bacteria, which can travel under the gum tissue, according to MayoClinic.com.
Treatment
Gingivitis can usually be treated with a dental cleaning that involves the complete removal of plaque and tartar from the teeth and under the gums. Following a good oral hygiene regimen after the cleaning ensures that gingivitis does not return. Regular use of antibacterial mouthwashes may also be recommended.
Periodontitis requires more in-depth treatment. MayoClinic.com notes that the goal of treatment for periodontitis is to remove bacteria from the pockets that have developed in the gums. Two procedures, scaling and root planing, may be used to clean the pockets, teeth and surfaces of the affected roots. If periodontitis has progressed severely, surgery may be necessary to clean the affected areas and reduce the size of the pockets.
Complications
One of the most common complications of untreated periodontal disease is tooth loss. The bacteria that cause periodontal disease also may infiltrate the bloodstream and travel throughout the body, causing more serious conditions, such as coronary artery disease and stroke.
Prevention
Preventing development of periodontal diseases requires a regular oral hygiene routine. This involves getting professional dental cleanings on a regular basis, usually every six months. Between cleanings, individuals should brush their teeth after every meal and floss daily. Mouthwashes can remove the plaque from between the teeth that a toothbrush cannot reach.
