Disks are soft, cushion-like structures that are located between each vertebrae in the back. Disks support the vertebrae as well as allow the spinal column to move and bend. Each disk consists of an inner layer, called the nucleus, and an outer layer, annulus. A bulging disk, more commonly referred to as a herniated disk, occurs when part of the nucleus bulges out through the annulus and exerts excess pressure on a nerve.
Symptoms
Some people with a bulging disk in the back may have no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, one of the most common is a condition called sciatica, which is a radiating pain that begins in the back and travels through the buttocks and down the length of the leg. A bulging disk may also cause pain, numbness and weakness in the back, neck, shoulder, leg or arm, according to the Mayo Clinic. If the bulging is severe, it can lead to a loss of proper nerve function, which may cause a loss of bladder control.
Causes
Most bulging disks occur as a result of the normal degeneration of the disks due to aging. As a person ages, the disks in the spine lose water content, which makes them more fragile and less flexible. This increases the chances that the disk will rupture. Other causes of a bulging disk include improper lifting of heavy objects or, less frequently, physical trauma to the back.
Risk Factors
There are a number of risk factors that can increase the chances of developing a bulging disk in the back. Smoking can decrease oxygen levels in the blood, which deprives the tissues of nutrients and causes the disks to become weak. Excess weight can cause increased pressure on the back, which weakens the disks as well. Tall men and women also have an increased risk of developing a bulging disk in the back.
Treatment
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons notes that nonsurgical treatment methods are effective in approximately 90 percent of cases of a bulging disk. Nonsurgical methods consist of rest, over-the-counter pain relievers and muscle relaxers. Alternating periods of ice and heat may also help reduce the severity of pain.
If a disk gets stuck in the spinal canal and causes a significant amount of pressure on the nerve, surgery may be needed. During surgery, the entire disk may be removed and replaced with a metal plate to maintain the stability of the spine.
Prevention
A regular exercise routine may help prevent a bulging disk. Exercise can slow the degeneration of the disks and strengthen the core muscles, which helps keep the spine strong. Maintaining good posture can also reduce the chance of developing a bulging disk because standing up straight reduces pressure on the spinal disks. Quitting smoking is also recommended for bulging disk prevention as well as general health.
