Family planning allows women and couples to control the timing of pregnancy and the size of their family. The student nurse's primary role in family planning is providing unbiased education regarding proper use, risks and benefits of available options to patients seeking information. In "Fundamentals of Nursing," Carol Taylor recommends incorporating the patient's personal and religious beliefs into the conversation when appropriate. However, do not make suggestions based on your own personal beliefs.
Natural Family Planning
Natural family planning helps couples determine the most fertile times of the month, explains the American Pregnancy Association. Couples use this knowledge to time sex to either avoid or achieve pregnancy. Patient education focuses on the signs of ovulation, including changes in cervical mucus, temperature charting and possible symptoms, such as bloating, breast tenderness and backache. During fertile times, cervical mucus is a consistency similar to uncooked egg whites, and a woman's body temperature raises slightly. Natural family planning requires more diligence than other methods and has a higher failure rate when done incorrectly. Women who have been advised to avoid pregnancy due to a medical condition should not use this method.
Condoms
Condoms prevent sperm from uniting with the egg and are effective at preventing both pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, according to MayoClinic.com. They are available in drug stores, convenience stores and large retail stores. They are also available for no cost at many family planning clinics. A new condom must be worn every time the patient has intercourse to be effective. Instruct patient on the importance of choosing the right size. A tight condom is more prone to breakage, and a loose one may slip off. Patients with latex allergies will need to use lambskin or polyurethane condoms. Lambskin condoms are less effective than those made from latex and polyurethane.
Diaphragms
Like condoms, a diaphragm acts as a barrier to prevent sperm from reaching the egg. Unlike condoms, a diaphragm does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. MedlinePlus explains that a diaphragm is a flexible cup filled with a spermicidal liquid that fits over the cervix. A physician will determine the proper size and type based on the anatomy of the cervix. Assess the patient for risk of allergic reaction to spermicidal agents and explain the rare possibility of toxic shock if the diaphragm remains in too long. Remind patient to leave the diaphragm in place for six to eight hours after intercourse, or as directed by her physician.
Birth Control Pills
Birth control pills use hormones to prevent the ovary from releasing an egg. Taylor explains that this is the most common method of pregnancy prevention, especially for women in their 20s. They are available only with a prescription and require a careful assessment and medical history before prescribing. Ask the patient about any history of stroke or high blood pressure. Smoking can increase the risk of serious side effects. Explain the importance of taking the pill every day as prescribed. Note the patient's medications, as certain drugs, including antibiotics, can reduce the effectiveness of the pill.
References
- American Pregnancy Association: Fertility Awareness- Natural Family Planning
- MayoClinic.com: Condoms
- MedlinePlus: Birth Control and Family Planning
- "Fundamentals of Nursing"; Carol Taylor; 2008
