Frostbite occurs when a person's body fluid begins to freeze from the effects of cold temperatures. The condition typically occurs in high-altitude locations or when temperatures fall below 30 degrees Fahrenheit. Frostbite can be superficial to severe, depending on the immediate and long-term effects displayed. Patients who experience severe sensory loss, fever, discolored or white skin and dizziness may require medical attention.
Sensation
Skin feels extremely cold after frostbite. As the condition worsens, it causes an itching, numbing or prickly sensation in affected skin tissues, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. A burning sensation may also be present. The severe stage of frostbite causes side effects such as the inability to sense pain, cold or discomfort in the affected area. Joint and muscle stiffness resulting from frostbite may also affect a person's ability to walk or move certain limbs -- a side effect often masked by the loss of sensation when movement is required.
Skin Appearance
Body extremities commonly affected by frostbite include the feet, nose, hands and ears. The skin turns pale yellow or white after frostbite and takes on a waxy or hard appearance. Cases of severe frostbite include blister formation on affected areas. According to MayoClinic.com, large blisters may form 24 to 48 hours after rewarming. Gangrene occurs when skin receives an inadequate amount of oxygen. As a result, tissue turns black and becomes hard, even after re-warming, reports the University of Maryland Medical Center. Patients who exhibit these aftereffects should seek medical attention immediately.
Long-term Effects
Long-term effects of frostbite include increased sensitivity to cold weather and development of permanent nerve damage. Cartilage located between the joints may show signs of arthritis months or years after the first bout of frostbite, according to The Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals. Areas with significant tissue and nerve damage may require amputation or removal.
