The esophagus is a muscular tube that is part of the digestive tract. The esophagus is responsible for carrying swallowed food from the mouth into the stomach. The muscular tube is made up of four distinct layers: the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscle layer and the outer layer. Esophageal cancer is cancer that begins in the cells of the esophagus.
Types
There are two main types of esophageal cancer. The first type is called adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. This type of esophageal cancer affects the lower part of the esophagus that is closest to the stomach. According to the National Cancer Institute, adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is the most common type of esophageal cancer in the United States. The second type of esophageal cancer is called squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. This type of esophageal cancer affects the upper portion of the esophagus, closest to the mouth. Squamous cell carcinoma is less common in the United States, but the more common esophageal cancer worldwide.
Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer usually develops as a result of DNA mutations that take place because of chronic irritation of the esophagus, according to MayoClinic.com. Chronic irritation may be caused by chewing tobacco, smoking or consuming alcohol excessively. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, diets low in fiber, obesity and previous radiation therapy may also lead to the development of esophageal cancer.
Symptoms
Early stage esophageal cancer does not usually cause any symptoms. As the cancer progresses to later stages, it can cause food regurgitation, pain during swallowing, pain in the chest or back, weight loss, heartburn, voice changes and a persistent cough. Those with esophageal cancer may also notice that food gets stuck in the throat frequently. Late stages of the cancer can cause sufferers to vomit blood, according to Medline Plus.
Treatment
Treatment for esophageal cancer depends on each individual case. The best treatment is determined by several factors, including where the cancer is located, whether the cancer has spread, symptoms and the sufferer's general health, according to the National Cancer Institute. The most common treatment options are surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Lifestyle Modifications
Esophageal cancer can make it difficult to swallow certain foods, which leads to a decreased desire to eat and weight loss. In order to prevent this, the patient should make some lifestyle modifications to ensure the body is getting enough nutrients. The diet should consists of easy-to-swallow foods such as soups, yogurts or purees. MayoClinic.com notes that large meals should be broken down into smaller meals that are consumed periodically throughout the day. Vitamin and mineral supplementation may also be helpful to improve the overall health of those affected by esophageal cancer.
