Frostbite occurs when the skin is exposed to freezing temperatures for long periods of time and water freezes in the body tissue. Ice crystals form inside the frozen tissue, which prevents blood from flowing to the area and results in tissue damage or death. According to the New York University Langone Medical Center, the parts of the body most commonly affected by frostbite include the hands, fingers, feet, toes, ears, nose, lips, shins, cheeks and corneas. Dressing warmly and using the proper techniques, however, can help you prevent frostbite when you know you'll be exposed to very cold weather.
Step 1
Dress in layers. The Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh recommends wearing at least three layers to prevent frostbite in cold weather. Wear clothing that keeps moisture away from the skin on the first layer, such as thermal underwear and cotton socks. Wear loose clothing that resists dampness on the second layer, such as heavy pants and sweatshirts. Wear tightly-woven outerwear on the third layer to help resist moisture, such as coats, gloves and boots.
Step 2
Cover your head anytime you're exposed to cold weather for long periods. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, or UMMC, about 30 percent of heat loss occurs through the head. Wear an insulated hat with ear flaps to help reduce the loss of heat and prevent frostbite from occurring, particularly on the tips of your ears. Wear a hat made of stretchable cotton that you can pull over your ears, such as a tuque or toboggan, if ear flaps are not available.
Step 3
Protect your feet and toes, which are commonly affected by frostbite in extremely cold weather. The University of Illinois McKinley Health Center suggests putting on two pairs of socks and well-fitting boots that cover your ankles if you expect to be outside shoveling snow or spending any length of time in cold conditions. Wool socks provide the most warmth, but cotton socks also offer protection. High boots help keep moisture from soaking your feet when you must walk through snow.
Step 4
Move around as often as possible when you're outside in cold temperatures. The University of Illinois Springfield reports that staying in the same position for long periods of time during extremely cold weather may promote frostbite. Get up and move around every few minutes when possible. This keeps your blood flowing and increases circulation to the areas of the body most prone to frostbite, such as the fingers and toes.
Tips and Warnings
- Clothing made from wool, polyester and polypropylene provide good insulation and keep moisture away from the skin. Wear clothes made of these materials to prevent frostbite. Stay dry. Wet clothing can increase heat loss. If your clothes get wet, change into dry clothes as quickly as possible.
- Avoid drinking alcohol when you know you'll be exposed to cold weather. Alcohol can make you feel warmer than you truly are, which increases your risk of frostbite. Do not go outdoors during extremely cold weather after you've recently bathed or showered. Do not wear ill-fitting clothing or shoes. Garments, boots and shoes that restrict circulation put you at a higher risk for developing frostbite.
