A bronchial infection causes the lining of the bronchial tubes to inflame, which is also known as bronchitis. The bronchi are the main air passages to the lungs, with the small bronchial tubes deeper within the chest. Upon an infection of this region, patients may experience shortness of breath, chest constriction, coughing and wheezing, according to MedlinePlus. Medical attention may be required depending on the severity of symptoms. Patients who are having difficulty breathing should immediately seek medical care.
Viral Causes
Bronchial infections usually develop from a virus -- either from the common cold or the flu. Since these are communicable diseases, in that they spread from person to person, contraction primarily occurs upon exposure to an infected cough. Touching the mouth, nose or eyes after contact with respiratory fluids from an infected person can also trigger infection. Viral bronchial infections generally need to run their course. However, physicians may prescribe antivirals in progressive infections that lead to pneumonia. Increased fluid intake, oxygen and humidified air can help quell the symptoms of a mild to moderate viral bronchial infection.
Bacterial Causes
Bacterial bronchial infections are almost always secondary infections initially caused by a virus. Upon exposure to bacteria within the bronchial pathways, the microbes can quickly proliferate, causing a secondary infection. Discolored sputum -- usually yellow or green -- indicates a bacterial presence, according to MayoClinic.com. Physicians encourage patients to expel any built-up mucus within the respiratory cavity. Sufferers of a bacterial bronchial infection are generally prescribed antibiotics, such as amoxicillin or azithromycin, reports American Family Physician.
Fungal Causes
Fungi may cause a bronchial infection, especially in those with suppressed immune systems. Although rare, fungi species such as candida may cause acute bronchitis, which may last from several weeks to several months, according to American Family Physician. Fungi naturally live on and within the body. In individuals with compromised immune systems, the body may not be able to adequately keep the amount of fungi in check. Since fungal bronchial infections are difficult to treat, physicians prescribe aggressive antifungal medications. In many cases, the infection may recur, necessitating additional treatment.
