Proton beam radiation therapy is a newer option for treating prostate cancer. The Prostate Cancer Foundation states that proton beam therapy is more precise than other forms of radiation therapy that may decrease the incidence and severity of side effects. As of 2010, proton beam radiation has not been studied in direct comparison with other types of radiation therapy, so no definitive conclusions can be made about its effectiveness and risks.
Incontinence
One of the most prevalent side effects of radiation treatment for prostate cancer is urinary incontinence. This leakage of urine may be mild and temporary, or more severe and long-lasting. The opposite problem, urinary retention, may also appear, according to the Prostate Cancer Treatment Guide. Stool incontinence may also result from radiation's damaging effects on the rectum, a condition called proctitis.
Impotence
The American Cancer Society's discussion of radiation side effects mentions the prevalence of erectile problems following treatment. Impotence occurs in about half of patients treated with radiation therapy. It is not known if this number will be lower with proton beam radiation. The development of impotence tends to increase over time and may not be seen in the first year after treatment.
Bleeding
It is not uncommon to see blood in the urine or stool following proton beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Due to the proximity of the testes to the prostate, blood in the semen may also develop. Bleeding usually resolves spontaneously within a few weeks, notes the Prostate Cancer Treatment Guide.
Fatigue
Radiation therapy in general, and specifically proton beam radiation, is known to create fatigue and weakness in those undergoing treatment. The tiredness is usually worst on days of treatment and improves within a few months after radiation therapy is discontinued.
Skin Changes
Radiation therapy tends to alter the skin around the area of treatment. In this case, the perineum, or area between the scrotum and rectum, may become dry and red. Hair loss is also a frequent side effect.
Proctitis
In addition to rectal bleeding, proton beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer may lead to inflammation of the rectal tissue. This could cause discomfort in the area. Diarrhea may also result, notes RadiologyInfo.org.
Swelling
Radiation therapy for prostate cancer may interfere with the normal function of the lymph nodes in the area of treatment. This may produce fluid accumulation in the genitals or lower extremities, a condition known as lymphedema, according to the American Cancer Society.
