The knee joint functions to provide stability and mobility. Within the joint are two pads attached by ligaments to the surface of the tibia bone called meniscus. They provide for smoothness and tracking of the femur bone during movement of the knee. The larger meniscus, called the medial meniscus, is also attached to the joint capsule, additional ligaments and muscle. This makes it vulnerable to injury when there is a side impact on the knee.
Tears of the Meniscus
Sudden meniscal tears often happen during sports from a squat and twist of the knee, causing a tear, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Direct contact is sometimes involved. Older people are more likely to have degenerative meniscal tears as cartilage begins to weaken and wears thin. Worn tissue is more prone to tears. An awkward twist when getting up from sitting may be enough to cause a tear due to an aging weakened meniscus.
Symptoms
Meniscus tears often create a locking or inability to fully straighten or bend the knee. Pain is sharp and experienced along the middle of the joint. Swelling develops and the thigh muscles begin to weaken. Medical tests can determine the extent of the tear. Surgery may be necessary to eliminate or reduce ongoing symptoms, allowing for improved tolerances with daily activities or sports. A rehabilitation program is often pursued after surgery to regain strength.
Complications of a Damaged Meniscus and Arthritis
Surgery aims to remove torn meniscus pieces floating around in the joint and to smoothly trim torn edges. Depending on the amount of weight loading on the remaining meniscus, wear and tear can lead to other complications. Arthritis may begin to develop. Arthritis is inflammation within a joint and can lead to progressive deterioration. With this progressive nature, it is important to modify the patient's activities, increase muscle strength and consider available medications.
Osteoarthritis after Meniscus Damage
The Arthritis Foundation reports osteoarthritis as the most common form of arthritis and the leading cause of disability in the elderly causing structural deterioration of joints. Osteoarthritis is the loss of cartilage tissue that protects the bone. Once the meniscus wears thin it exposes cartilage. There are two factors to consider with progression of joint degeneration: high-intensity impact and rotation loading on the knee and repetitive impact and rotation loading. Activity modification is critical.
Considerations
Arthritis, knee pain and meniscus irritation and damage are separate issues but intertwine. What is important with these conditions is to avoid or limit activities that increase pain or swelling. The use of anti-inflammatory medication, rest, cold packs, weight reduction and physical therapy can help to alleviate symptoms. It is important to maintain or improve joint mobility. Swimming is an effective activity to improve and maintain a healthy joint as it is a non-weight bearing environment.
