Bicycle helmets were invented to prevent head injuries from crashes or falls. Even though helmets can't fully protect you from every impact, the advent of bicycle-helmet technologies such as impact-absorbing foams have helped to make cycling a safer sport.
Foam
According to the Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute, one of the major parameters for helmet design is the helmet foam's density. Foams come in different grades, but most fall under just two: stiff and crushable or rubbery and slippery. A stiffer foam can survive hard impacts, while a rubbery foam can withstand lighter impacts. The manufacturer should specify the type of foam that is in the helmet you are buying. Expanded polysterene (EPS) is the most common crushable foam on the market in 2010. Expanded polypropylene (EPP), expanded polyurethane (EPU) and Tau Multi-Impact Technology (EPS/EPP hybrid) foams are also used.
Molds
When the outer shell of a helmet is bonded to the inner foam, the helmet is considered "molded in the shell" or "in-molded." The fusing of the foam to the plastic shell helps to prevent the helmet from cracking, and the foam liner maximizes the management of the impact. Manufacturers typically reserve this technique for more expensive helmets with bigger vents, slimmer lines and less weight. "Molded in the shell" helmets are technologically superior to those with a plastic shell that is glued or taped to the foam.
Aerodynamics
Helmet manufacturers have to balance air flow with aerodynamic construction. According the PezCycling News website, airflow is arguably the biggest factor when consumers choose a helmet. If you race, you want the most aerodynamic helmet you can find. However, the more aerodynamic the helmet is, the hotter it will be. One of the only legal aerodynamic helmets on the market in 2010 is the Prologue by Louis Garneau. It has the proper construction to absorb impacts, but only three small holes for air flow. Some manufacturers, on the other hand, opt for large vents and promote the helmet's ability to keep you cool.
Fit
Most quality bike helmets have an easy-to-use system where you turn a dial a few clicks for a tighter or looser fit. This technology comes in handy for growing children or adults that need to layer with a hat in cold weather. Many companies also offer helmets with adjustment straps that have padding to keep the straps from pinching. Some children's helmets even have emergency-release straps that detach after five seconds of force in an effort to prevent choking.
Warning
It is extremely important to wear a helmet when riding a bike. The Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute says that in 2009, 51,000 cyclists were injured in traffic, and 44 percent of non-fatal injuries occurred in children and young adults between the ages of five and 20. You must ride safely and be as visible as possible. Wear a brightly colored helmet -- if everyone can see you, you'll be less likely to need your helmet to protect you.
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